arthyperАртериальная гипертензия"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")1607-419X2411-8524Antihypertensive League10.18705/1607-419X-2008-14-1-71-76arthyper-1177Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESТолщина комплекса интима-медиа сонных артерийкак ранний маркер атеросклероза у пациентовс абдоминальным ожирениемIntima-media thickness of the common carotid arteryas an early marker of atherosclerosis in patients withabdominal obesityБеляеваО.BelyaevaO.noemail@neicon.ruМандалВ.MandalV.noemail@neicon.ruАнаньеваН.AnanyevaN.noemail@neicon.ruБерковичО.BerkovichO.noemail@neicon.ruБарановаЕ.BaranovaE. I.noemail@neicon.ruШляхтоЕ.ShlyakhtoE. V.noemail@neicon.ruСанкт-Петербургский медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. ПавловаRussian FederationГУ Научно-исследовательский психо-неврологический институт им. В.М. Бехтерева, Санкт-ПетербургRussian Federation2008280220081417176Copyright © Беляева О., Мандал В., Ананьева Н., Беркович О., Баранова Е.I., Шляхто Е.V., 20082008Беляева О., Мандал В., Ананьева Н., Беркович О., Баранова Е., Шляхто Е.Belyaeva O., Mandal V., Ananyeva N., Berkovich O., Baranova E.I., Shlyakhto E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1177

В работе оценивалась выраженность атеросклероза при проведении дуплексного сканирования общих сонных артерий у больных с абдоминальным ожирением в возрасте от 30 до 55 лет. Атеросклеротические бляшки в общей сонной и/или внутренней сонной артериях пациентов были обнаружены у 35% обследованных. Выявлена связь между толщиной комплекса интима-медиа (КИМ) общей сонной артерии (ОСА), уровнем артериального давления, окружностью талии и метаболическими показателями.

Severity of atherosclerosis of common carotid arteries in patients with abdominal obesity (aged from 30 to 55 years old) was evaluated by ultrasound duplex scan. Atherosclerotic plaques of common and/or internal carotid arteries were revealed in 35% of patients. Correlations were observed between intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery, blood pressure levels, waist circumference and metabolic parameters.

абдоминальное ожирениеатеросклерозтолщина комплекса интима-медиа общей сонной артерииabdominal obesityatherosclerosisintima-media thickness of the common carotid arteryReferencesHeiss G., Sharrett A.R., Barnes R., Chambless L.E., Szklo M., Alzola C. Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(3):250-256.Heiss G., Sharrett A.R., Barnes R., Chambless L.E., Szklo M., Alzola C. Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(3):250-256.Bots M.L., Breslau P.J., Bruit E., de Bruyn A.M., van Vliet H.H., van den Ouweland F.A., de Jong P.T., Hofman A., Grobbee D.E. Cardiovascular determinants of carotid artery disease. The Rotterdam Elderly Study. Hypertension. 1992;19 (6 Pt 2):717-720.Bots M.L., Breslau P.J., Bruit E., de Bruyn A.M., van Vliet H.H., van den Ouweland F.A., de Jong P.T., Hofman A., Grobbee D.E. Cardiovascular determinants of carotid artery disease. The Rotterdam Elderly Study. Hypertension. 1992;19 (6 Pt 2):717-720.Sharrett A. R., Sorlie P. D., Chambless L. E., Folsom A. R., Hutchinson R. G., Heiss G., Szklo M. Relative Importance of Various Risk Factors for Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis versus Coronary Heart Disease Incidence. The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149:843-852.Sharrett A. R., Sorlie P. D., Chambless L. E., Folsom A. R., Hutchinson R. G., Heiss G., Szklo M. Relative Importance of Various Risk Factors for Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis versus Coronary Heart Disease Incidence. The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149:843-852.Zureik M., Ducimetinre P., Touboul P.J., Courbon D., Bonithon-Kopp C., Berr C., Magne C.Common carotid intima-media thickness predicts occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: longitudinal results from the Aging Vascular Study (EVA) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2000;20(6):1622-1629.Zureik M., Ducimetinre P., Touboul P.J., Courbon D., Bonithon-Kopp C., Berr C., Magne C.Common carotid intima-media thickness predicts occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: longitudinal results from the Aging Vascular Study (EVA) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2000;20(6):1622-1629.Touboul P., Elbaz A., Koller C., Lucas C., Adrai V., Chedru E., Amarenco P. GENICI investigators. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness and brainin farction. Circulation. 2000;102:313-318.Touboul P., Elbaz A., Koller C., Lucas C., Adrai V., Chedru E., Amarenco P. GENICI investigators. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness and brainin farction. Circulation. 2000;102:313-318.Touboul P.J., Hernandez-Hernandez R., Kucukoglu S., Woo K.S., Vicaut E., Labreuche J., Migom C., Silva H., Vinueza R.; PARC-AALA Investigators. Carotid artery intima media thickness, plaque and Framingham cardiovascular score in Asia, Africa/Middle East and Latin America: the PARC-AALA study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007; 23(5):557-567.Touboul P.J., Hernandez-Hernandez R., Kucukoglu S., Woo K.S., Vicaut E., Labreuche J., Migom C., Silva H., Vinueza R.; PARC-AALA Investigators. Carotid artery intima media thickness, plaque and Framingham cardiovascular score in Asia, Africa/Middle East and Latin America: the PARC-AALA study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007; 23(5):557-567.van der Meer I.M., Bots M.L., Hofman A., del Sol A.I., van der Kuip D.A., Witteman J.C. Predictive value of noninvasive measures of atherosclerosis for incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 2004;109(9):1089-1094.van der Meer I.M., Bots M.L., Hofman A., del Sol A.I., van der Kuip D.A., Witteman J.C. Predictive value of noninvasive measures of atherosclerosis for incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 2004;109(9):1089-1094.Cao J.J., Arnold A.M., Manolio Т.А., Polak J.F., Psaty B.M., Hirsch C.H., Kuller L.H., Cushman M. Association of carotid artery intima-media thickness, plaques, and C-reactive protein with future cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2007;116(l):32-38.Cao J.J., Arnold A.M., Manolio Т.А., Polak J.F., Psaty B.M., Hirsch C.H., Kuller L.H., Cushman M. Association of carotid artery intima-media thickness, plaques, and C-reactive protein with future cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2007;116(l):32-38.Hodis H.N., Mack W.J., LaBree L., Selzer R.H., Liu C.R., Liu C.H., Azen S.P. The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(4):262-269.Hodis H.N., Mack W.J., LaBree L., Selzer R.H., Liu C.R., Liu C.H., Azen S.P. The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(4):262-269.Belcaro G., Nicolaides A.N., Ramaswami G., Cesarone M.R., De Sanctis M., Incandela L., Ferrari P., Geroulakos G., Barsotti A., Griffin M., Dhanjil S., Sabetai M., Bucci M., Martines G. Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: a 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study(l)).Atherosclerosis. 2001;156(2):379-87.Belcaro G., Nicolaides A.N., Ramaswami G., Cesarone M.R., De Sanctis M., Incandela L., Ferrari P., Geroulakos G., Barsotti A., Griffin M., Dhanjil S., Sabetai M., Bucci M., Martines G. Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: a 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study(l)).Atherosclerosis. 2001;156(2):379-87.Homma S., Hirose N., Ishida H., Ishii T., Araki G. Carotid plaque and intima-media thickness assessed by b-mode ultrasonography in subjects ranging from young adults to centenarians. Stroke. 2001;32(4):830-5.Homma S., Hirose N., Ishida H., Ishii T., Araki G. Carotid plaque and intima-media thickness assessed by b-mode ultrasonography in subjects ranging from young adults to centenarians. Stroke. 2001;32(4):830-5.Salonen R., Salonen J.T. Progression of carotid atherosclerosis and its determinants: a population-based ultrasonography study. Atherosclerosis. 1990;81(l):33-40.Salonen R., Salonen J.T. Progression of carotid atherosclerosis and its determinants: a population-based ultrasonography study. Atherosclerosis. 1990;81(l):33-40.Amarenco P., Labreuche J., Touboul P.J. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(2):489-496.Amarenco P., Labreuche J., Touboul P.J. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(2):489-496.Sever P.S., Dahluf B., Poulter N.R., Wedel H., Beevers G., Caulfield M., Collins R., Kjeldsen S.E., Kristinsson A., McInnes G.T., Mehlsen J., Nieminen M., O'Brien E., Ostergren J.; ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1149-1158.Sever P.S., Dahluf B., Poulter N.R., Wedel H., Beevers G., Caulfield M., Collins R., Kjeldsen S.E., Kristinsson A., McInnes G.T., Mehlsen J., Nieminen M., O'Brien E., Ostergren J.; ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1149-1158.Salonen R., Salonen J.T. Carotid atherosclerosis in relation to systolic and diastolic blood pressure: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.Ann Med. 1991;23(l):23-27.Salonen R., Salonen J.T. Carotid atherosclerosis in relation to systolic and diastolic blood pressure: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.Ann Med. 1991;23(l):23-27.Ingelsson E., Sullivan L.M., Murabito J.M., Fox C.S., Benjamin E.J., Polak J.F., Meigs J.B., Keyes M.J., O'Donnell C.J., Wang T.J., D'Agostino R.B. Sr, Wolf P.A., Vasan R.S. Prevalence and prognostic impact of subclinical cardiovascular disease in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56(6):1718- 1726.Ingelsson E., Sullivan L.M., Murabito J.M., Fox C.S., Benjamin E.J., Polak J.F., Meigs J.B., Keyes M.J., O'Donnell C.J., Wang T.J., D'Agostino R.B. Sr, Wolf P.A., Vasan R.S. Prevalence and prognostic impact of subclinical cardiovascular disease in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;56(6):1718- 1726.Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366: 1059-1062.Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366: 1059-1062.Pignoli P., Tremoli E., Poli A. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging Circulation. 1986. V74. P.1399-1406.Pignoli P., Tremoli E., Poli A. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging Circulation. 1986. V74. P.1399-1406.Bots M.L., Hoes A.W., Koudstaal P.J., Hofman A., Grabber D.E. Common carotid intima media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Studtty. Circulation. 1997;96:1432-1437.Bots M.L., Hoes A.W., Koudstaal P.J., Hofman A., Grabber D.E. Common carotid intima media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Studtty. Circulation. 1997;96:1432-1437.Zanchetti A., Bond M.G., Hennig M., Neiss A., Mancia G., Dal Palm C., Hansson L., Magnani B., Rahn K.H., Reid J., Rodicio J., Safar M., Eckes L., Ravinetto R. Risk factors associated with alterations in carotid intima-media thickness in hypertension: baseline data from the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis. J Hypertens. 1998; 16(7):949-961.Zanchetti A., Bond M.G., Hennig M., Neiss A., Mancia G., Dal Palm C., Hansson L., Magnani B., Rahn K.H., Reid J., Rodicio J., Safar M., Eckes L., Ravinetto R. Risk factors associated with alterations in carotid intima-media thickness in hypertension: baseline data from the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis. J Hypertens. 1998; 16(7):949-961.Лелюк В. Г., Лелюк С. Э. Основные принципы гемодинамики и ультразвукового исследования сосудов. Ультразвуковая диагностика патологии магистральных артерий головы Клиническое руководство по ультразвуковой диагностике М.: Видар, 1997.Лелюк В. Г., Лелюк С. Э. Основные принципы гемодинамики и ультразвукового исследования сосудов. Ультразвуковая диагностика патологии магистральных артерий головы Клиническое руководство по ультразвуковой диагностике М.: Видар, 1997.Touboul P.J., Hennerici M.G., Meairs S., Adams H., Amarenco P., Bornstein N., Csiba L., Desvarieux M., Ebrahim S., Fatar M., Hernandez Hernandez R., Jaff M., Kownator S., Prati P., Rundek Т., Sitzer M., Schminke U., Tardif J.-C., Taylor A., Vicaut E., Woo K.S., Zannad F., Zureik M. Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Consensus (2004-2006). Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:7580Touboul P.J., Hennerici M.G., Meairs S., Adams H., Amarenco P., Bornstein N., Csiba L., Desvarieux M., Ebrahim S., Fatar M., Hernandez Hernandez R., Jaff M., Kownator S., Prati P., Rundek Т., Sitzer M., Schminke U., Tardif J.-C., Taylor A., Vicaut E., Woo K.S., Zannad F., Zureik M. Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Consensus (2004-2006). Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:7580Bots M.L., Grobber D.E. Intima media thickness as a surrogate marker for generalised atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drug Ther. 2002;16:341-351.Bots M.L., Grobber D.E. Intima media thickness as a surrogate marker for generalised atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drug Ther. 2002;16:341-351.Hulthe J., Bokemark L., Wikstrand J., Fagerberg B. The metabolic syndrome, LDL particle size, and atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis and Insulin Resistance (AIR) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2000;20(9):2140-2147.Hulthe J., Bokemark L., Wikstrand J., Fagerberg B. The metabolic syndrome, LDL particle size, and atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis and Insulin Resistance (AIR) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2000;20(9):2140-2147.Kawamoto R., Ohtsuka N., Ninomiya D., Nakamura S. Association of obesity and visceral fat distribution with intima-media thickness of carotid arteries in middle-aged and older persons. Intern Med. 2008;47:143-149.Kawamoto R., Ohtsuka N., Ninomiya D., Nakamura S. Association of obesity and visceral fat distribution with intima-media thickness of carotid arteries in middle-aged and older persons. Intern Med. 2008;47:143-149.Czernichow S., Bertrais S., Oppert J.M., Galan P., Blacher J., Ducimetiere P., Hercberg S., Zureik M. 2005 Body composition and fat repartition in relation to structure and function of large arteries in middle-aged adults (the SU.VI.MAX study). Int J Obes (Lond) 29:826-832.Czernichow S., Bertrais S., Oppert J.M., Galan P., Blacher J., Ducimetiere P., Hercberg S., Zureik M. 2005 Body composition and fat repartition in relation to structure and function of large arteries in middle-aged adults (the SU.VI.MAX study). Int J Obes (Lond) 29:826-832.Reed D., Dwyer K.M., Dwyer J.H. 2003 Abdominal obesity and carotid artery wall thickness. The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27:1546-1551.Reed D., Dwyer K.M., Dwyer J.H. 2003 Abdominal obesity and carotid artery wall thickness. The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27:1546-1551.Schneider H.J., Glaesmer H., Klotsche J., Вuhlеr S., Lehnert H., Zeiher A.M., Мдrz W., Pittrow D., Stalla G.K., Wittchen HU; DETECT Study Group. Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:589-594.Schneider H.J., Glaesmer H., Klotsche J., Вuhlеr S., Lehnert H., Zeiher A.M., Мдrz W., Pittrow D., Stalla G.K., Wittchen HU; DETECT Study Group. Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:589-594.Алмазов В.А., Благосклонная Я.В., Шляхто Е.В., Красильникова Е.И. Метаболический сердечно-сосудистый синдром. Санкт-Петербург. Издательство СПбГМУ. 1999. На стр.12., 102.Алмазов В.А., Благосклонная Я.В., Шляхто Е.В., Красильникова Е.И. Метаболический сердечно-сосудистый синдром. Санкт-Петербург. Издательство СПбГМУ. 1999. На стр.12., 102.Мельник М.В., Рыбкина Т.Е., Чубаров М.В., Шилов A.M. Артериальная гипертензия и метаболический синдром X. РМЖ 2003Том 11, №21, стр. 1145-1149.Мельник М.В., Рыбкина Т.Е., Чубаров М.В., Шилов A.M. Артериальная гипертензия и метаболический синдром X. РМЖ 2003Том 11, №21, стр. 1145-1149.Fontbonne A., Eschwuge E., Cambien F., Richard J.L., Ducimetinre P., Thibult N., Warnet J.M., Claude J.R., Rosselin G.E. Hypertriglyceridaemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Results from the 11-year follow-up of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia. 1989;32:300-304.Fontbonne A., Eschwuge E., Cambien F., Richard J.L., Ducimetinre P., Thibult N., Warnet J.M., Claude J.R., Rosselin G.E. Hypertriglyceridaemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Results from the 11-year follow-up of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia. 1989;32:300-304.Fontbonne A., Charles M.A., Thibult N., Richard J.L., Claude J.R., Warnet J.M., Rosselin GE., Eschwnge E. Hyperinsulinaemia as a predictor of coronary heart disease mortality in a healthy population: the Paris Prospective Study, 15-year follow-up. Diabetologia. 1991;34:356-361.Fontbonne A., Charles M.A., Thibult N., Richard J.L., Claude J.R., Warnet J.M., Rosselin GE., Eschwnge E. Hyperinsulinaemia as a predictor of coronary heart disease mortality in a healthy population: the Paris Prospective Study, 15-year follow-up. Diabetologia. 1991;34:356-361.Fontbonne A. Why can high insulin levels indicate a risk for coronary heart disease? Diabetologia. 1994;37:953-955.Fontbonne A. Why can high insulin levels indicate a risk for coronary heart disease? Diabetologia. 1994;37:953-955.Мамедов М.Н. Метаболический синдром: от разногласий к компромиссу. 2006 from http://www.consilium-medicum.com/magazines/magazines/special/heartdisease/article/474.Мамедов М.Н. Метаболический синдром: от разногласий к компромиссу. 2006 from http://www.consilium-medicum.com/magazines/magazines/special/heartdisease/article/474.Lemieux I., Pascot A., Couillard C., Lamarche B., Tchernof A., Almftras N., Bergeron J, Gaudet D., Tremblay G., Prud'homme D., Nadeau A., Desprus J.R. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: A marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation. 2000;102:179-184.Lemieux I., Pascot A., Couillard C., Lamarche B., Tchernof A., Almftras N., Bergeron J, Gaudet D., Tremblay G., Prud'homme D., Nadeau A., Desprus J.R. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: A marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation. 2000;102:179-184.Smilde T.J., van den Berkmortel F.W.P.J., Boers G.H.J., Wollersheim H., de Boo Т., van Langen H., Stalenhoef A.F.H. Carotid and femoral artery wall thickness and stiffness in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease, with special emphasis on hyperhomocysteinemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1998; 18: 1958-1963.Smilde T.J., van den Berkmortel F.W.P.J., Boers G.H.J., Wollersheim H., de Boo Т., van Langen H., Stalenhoef A.F.H. Carotid and femoral artery wall thickness and stiffness in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease, with special emphasis on hyperhomocysteinemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1998; 18: 1958-1963.Wallenfeldt K., Hulthe J., Bokemark L., Wikstrand J., Fagerberg B..Carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein in relation to smokeless tobacco use or smoking in 58-year-old men.J Intern Med. 2001;250:492-501.Wallenfeldt K., Hulthe J., Bokemark L., Wikstrand J., Fagerberg B..Carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein in relation to smokeless tobacco use or smoking in 58-year-old men.J Intern Med. 2001;250:492-501.Wu X.H., Chen X., Zhang S.L., Pang L., To C., Wang T.T., Hohman T.C., Filep J.G., Chan J.S. Molecular mechanism(s) of insulin action on the expression of the angiotensinogen gene in kidney proximal tubular cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2000;1:166-174.Wu X.H., Chen X., Zhang S.L., Pang L., To C., Wang T.T., Hohman T.C., Filep J.G., Chan J.S. Molecular mechanism(s) of insulin action on the expression of the angiotensinogen gene in kidney proximal tubular cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2000;1:166-174.Kaski J.C., Russo G. Cardiac syndrome X: an overview. Hosp Pract (Minneap). 2000;35(2):75-6, 79-82, 85-8 passim.Kaski J.C., Russo G. Cardiac syndrome X: an overview. Hosp Pract (Minneap). 2000;35(2):75-6, 79-82, 85-8 passim.Glowinska-Olszewska В., Tolwinska J., Urban M.J.Relationship between endothelial dysfunction, carotid artery intimamedia thickness and circulating markers of vascular inflammationin obese hypertensive children and adolescents. Pediatr EndocrinolMetab. 2007;20:1125-1136.Glowinska-Olszewska В., Tolwinska J., Urban M.J.Relationship between endothelial dysfunction, carotid artery intimamedia thickness and circulating markers of vascular inflammationin obese hypertensive children and adolescents. Pediatr EndocrinolMetab. 2007;20:1125-1136.Peelman F., Waelput W., Iserentant H., Lavens D., EyckermanS., Zabeau L., Tavernier J. Leptin: linking adipocyte metabolismwith cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Prog Lipid Res.2004;43:283-301.Peelman F., Waelput W., Iserentant H., Lavens D., EyckermanS., Zabeau L., Tavernier J. Leptin: linking adipocyte metabolismwith cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Prog Lipid Res.2004;43:283-301.Bonithon-Kopp C., Scarabin P,Y., Taquet A., Touboul P.J.,Malmejac A., Guize L. Risk factors for early carotid atherosclerosisin middle-aged French women. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11:966-972.Bonithon-Kopp C., Scarabin P,Y., Taquet A., Touboul P.J.,Malmejac A., Guize L. Risk factors for early carotid atherosclerosisin middle-aged French women. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11:966-972.Engeli S., Boschmann M., Frings P., Beck L., Janke J., Titze J., Luft F.C., Heer M., Jordan J. Influence of salt intake on renin-angiotensin and natriuretic peptide system genes in human adipose tissue. Hypertension. 2006;48(6): 1103-8.Engeli S., Boschmann M., Frings P., Beck L., Janke J., Titze J., Luft F.C., Heer M., Jordan J. Influence of salt intake on renin-angiotensin and natriuretic peptide system genes in human adipose tissue. Hypertension. 2006;48(6): 1103-8.Naftilan A.P., Pratt R.E., Dzau V.J. Induction of platelet-derived grow factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J.Clin Invest. 1989; 83: 1419-1424.Naftilan A.P., Pratt R.E., Dzau V.J. Induction of platelet-derived grow factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J.Clin Invest. 1989; 83: 1419-1424.Naftilan A.P., Pratt R.E., Eldridge C.S., Lin H.D., Dzau V.J. Angiotensin II induces c-fox expression in smooth muscle via transcriptional control Hypertension. 1989; 13:706-711.Naftilan A.P., Pratt R.E., Eldridge C.S., Lin H.D., Dzau V.J. Angiotensin II induces c-fox expression in smooth muscle via transcriptional control Hypertension. 1989; 13:706-711.Dusting G.J., Macdonald P.S. Endogenous nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease and transplantation. Ann.Med. 1995; 27: 395-406.Dusting G.J., Macdonald P.S. Endogenous nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease and transplantation. Ann.Med. 1995; 27: 395-406.Griendling K.K., Minieri C.A., Ollerenshaw J.D., Alexander R.W. Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res. 1994; 74:1141-1148.Griendling K.K., Minieri C.A., Ollerenshaw J.D., Alexander R.W. Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res. 1994; 74:1141-1148.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.