arthyperАртериальная гипертензия"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")1607-419X2411-8524Antihypertensive League10.18705/1607-419X-2008-14-3-275-280arthyper-1240Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWМесто антагонистов кальция в терапии артериальной гипертензии у больных ишемической болезнью сердцаThe place of calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery diseaseКулешоваЭ.KuleshovaE. V.noemail@neicon.ruФедеральный Центр сердца, крови и эндокринологии им. В.А. АлмазоваРоссияFederal Center of Heart, Blood and EndocrinologyRussian Federation200828062008143275280Copyright © Кулешова Э.V., 20082008Кулешова Э.Kuleshova E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1240

В обзорной статье изложены современные представления о фармакологических свойствах блокаторов медленных кальциевых каналов (антагонистов кальция), позволяющих использовать их для лечения больных с сочетанием артериальной гипертензии и ишемической болезни сердца. Обсуждаются антигипертензивный, антиишемический, антиатеросклеротический эффекты антагонистов кальция, влияние на эластические свойства магистральных артерий, вопросы безопасности применения антагонистов кальция у больных ИБС.

The review addresses modern concept of calcium antagonist pharmacological properties which allow to use them in patients with hypertension and concomitant coronary artery disease. The antihypertensive, antiischemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of calcium channel blockers are discussed as well as influence on arterial elasticity and safety reasons.

Антагонисты кальцияартериальная гипертензияишемическая болезнь сердцаCalcium antagonistshypertensioncoronary heart diseaseReferencesLewington S, Clarke R, Quizibash N et al. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-1913.Lewington S, Clarke R, Quizibash N et al. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-1913.Sytkowski PA, Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB. Changes in risk factors and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1635-1641.Sytkowski PA, Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB. Changes in risk factors and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1635-1641.Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively - designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 2000; 356:1955-1964.Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively - designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 2000; 356:1955-1964.Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively -designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 2003; 362:1527-1535. 1.Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively -designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 2003; 362:1527-1535. 1.Rosendorff С. The rennin-angiotensin system and vascular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:803-812.Rosendorff С. The rennin-angiotensin system and vascular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:803-812.Oparil S, Zaman MA, Caqlhoun DA. Pathogenesis of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:761 -776.Oparil S, Zaman MA, Caqlhoun DA. Pathogenesis of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:761 -776.Singh BM, Mehta JL. Interaction between the rennin-angiotensin system and dyslipidemia: relevance in the therapy of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1296-1304.Singh BM, Mehta JL. Interaction between the rennin-angiotensin system and dyslipidemia: relevance in the therapy of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1296-1304.Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. Role of oxidative modification in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 2004;84:1381-1478.Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. Role of oxidative modification in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 2004;84:1381-1478.Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart Journal 2007;28:1462-1536.Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart Journal 2007;28:1462-1536.DeQuattro V. JNC-IV and the evolution of stepped care to individualized treatment of hypertension J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990;15 (Suppl 3):S16-21.DeQuattro V. JNC-IV and the evolution of stepped care to individualized treatment of hypertension J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990;15 (Suppl 3):S16-21.Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium-antagonist drugs. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1447-1457.Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium-antagonist drugs. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1447-1457.Godfraind Т et al. Selectivity of calcium antagonists in the human cardiovascular system based on in vitro studies. J Cardiovasc Pharmacology 1992, 20(Suppl. 5): S34-S41.Godfraind Т et al. Selectivity of calcium antagonists in the human cardiovascular system based on in vitro studies. J Cardiovasc Pharmacology 1992, 20(Suppl. 5): S34-S41.Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensine-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blockcr vs Diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002;288:2981-2997.Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensine-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blockcr vs Diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002;288:2981-2997.Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. INVVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease: the International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-2826.Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. INVVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease: the International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-2826.Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood- pressure- lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. Rresults of prospectively -designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Int Med 2005; 165:1410-1419.Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood- pressure- lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. Rresults of prospectively -designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Int Med 2005; 165:1410-1419.Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with valsartan- or amlodipine-based regimens: VALUE, a randomzsed trial. Lancet 2004;363:2022-2031.Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with valsartan- or amlodipine-based regimens: VALUE, a randomzsed trial. Lancet 2004;363:2022-2031.Mason RP. Atheroprotective effects of long-acting dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers: evidence from clinical trials and basic scientific research. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16 (suppl. 3):11-17.Mason RP. Atheroprotective effects of long-acting dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers: evidence from clinical trials and basic scientific research. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16 (suppl. 3):11-17.Hempel A, Lindschau C, Maasch C, et al. Calcium antagonists ameliorate ischemia-induced endothelial cell permeability by inhibiting protein kinase C. Circulation. 1999 May 18;99(19):2523-2529.Hempel A, Lindschau C, Maasch C, et al. Calcium antagonists ameliorate ischemia-induced endothelial cell permeability by inhibiting protein kinase C. Circulation. 1999 May 18;99(19):2523-2529.Gunter J, Dhein S, Rosen R. et al. Nitric oxide (EDRF) enhances the vasorelaxing effect of nitrendipine in various isolated arteries. Basic Res Cardiol 1992;87:452-60.Gunter J, Dhein S, Rosen R. et al. Nitric oxide (EDRF) enhances the vasorelaxing effect of nitrendipine in various isolated arteries. Basic Res Cardiol 1992;87:452-60.The ENCORE Investigators. Rffect of Nifedipine and Cerivastatin on coronary artery disease. The ENCORE I study. Circulation 2003; 107:422:428.The ENCORE Investigators. Rffect of Nifedipine and Cerivastatin on coronary artery disease. The ENCORE I study. Circulation 2003; 107:422:428.Tunon J, Tarin N, Egido J. Effects of Calcium Antagonists on Atherosclerosis. In: Epstein M. Calcium Antagonists in Clinical Medicine. HANLEY & BELFUS, INC/Philadelphia 2002. 852pTunon J, Tarin N, Egido J. Effects of Calcium Antagonists on Atherosclerosis. In: Epstein M. Calcium Antagonists in Clinical Medicine. HANLEY & BELFUS, INC/Philadelphia 2002. 852pMason RP, Walter MF, Trumbore MW et al. Membrane antioxidant effects of the charged dihydropyridine calcim antagonist. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990; 31:275-281.Mason RP, Walter MF, Trumbore MW et al. Membrane antioxidant effects of the charged dihydropyridine calcim antagonist. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990; 31:275-281.Simon A, Gariepy J, Moyse D., et al. Differential effects of nifedipine and co-amilozide on the progression of early carotid wall changes. Circulation 2001; 103:2949-2954.Simon A, Gariepy J, Moyse D., et al. Differential effects of nifedipine and co-amilozide on the progression of early carotid wall changes. Circulation 2001; 103:2949-2954.Borhani NO, Mercuri M, Borhani PA, Buckalew VM, Carr AACT, Kappagoda T, et al. Final outcome results of the multicenter Isradipine diuretic atherosclerosis study (MIDAS). A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996; 276: 785 -791.Borhani NO, Mercuri M, Borhani PA, Buckalew VM, Carr AACT, Kappagoda T, et al. Final outcome results of the multicenter Isradipine diuretic atherosclerosis study (MIDAS). A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996; 276: 785 -791.Zanchetti A, Bond MG, Hennig M, et al. European Lacidipine Study of European Atherosclerosis Investigators. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA) a randomized double-blind, long-term trial. Circulation 2002; 106:2422-2427Zanchetti A, Bond MG, Hennig M, et al. European Lacidipine Study of European Atherosclerosis Investigators. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: principal results of European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA) a randomized double-blind, long-term trial. Circulation 2002; 106:2422-2427Lichtlen PR, Hugenholtz PG, Rafflenbeul W. Retardation of angiographic progression of coronary artery disease by nifedipine. Results of the International Nifedipine Trial of antiatherosclerotic Therapy (INTACT). Lancet 1990;335:1109-13.Lichtlen PR, Hugenholtz PG, Rafflenbeul W. Retardation of angiographic progression of coronary artery disease by nifedipine. Results of the International Nifedipine Trial of antiatherosclerotic Therapy (INTACT). Lancet 1990;335:1109-13.Mancini GB, Miller ME, Evans GW et al. Post Hoc Analysis of Coronary Findings from the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of the Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) Am J Cardiol 2002; 89:1414-1416.Mancini GB, Miller ME, Evans GW et al. Post Hoc Analysis of Coronary Findings from the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of the Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) Am J Cardiol 2002; 89:1414-1416.Thaulow E, Jorgensen B. Results and clinical implications of the CAPARES trial. Can J Cardiol. 2000;16 Suppl D:8D-11DThaulow E, Jorgensen B. Results and clinical implications of the CAPARES trial. Can J Cardiol. 2000;16 Suppl D:8D-11DMotro M, Shemesh J. Calcium channel blocker Nifedipine slows down progression of coronary calcification in hypertensive patients compared with diuretics. Hypertension 2002;37:1410-1413.Motro M, Shemesh J. Calcium channel blocker Nifedipine slows down progression of coronary calcification in hypertensive patients compared with diuretics. Hypertension 2002;37:1410-1413.Nissen SE, Tuzeu EM, Libby P et al. Effect of a antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure. The CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2217-2226.Nissen SE, Tuzeu EM, Libby P et al. Effect of a antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure. The CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2217-2226.Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, van Boven AJ, et al. Evidence for a synergistic effect of calcium channel blockers with lipidlowering therapy in retarding progression of coronary atherosclerosis in symptomatic patients with normal to moderately raised cholesterol levels. The REGRESS Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 Mar;16(3):425-30.Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, van Boven AJ, et al. Evidence for a synergistic effect of calcium channel blockers with lipidlowering therapy in retarding progression of coronary atherosclerosis in symptomatic patients with normal to moderately raised cholesterol levels. The REGRESS Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 Mar;16(3):425-30.Poole Wilson PA et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomized controlled trial. The Lancet 2004, 364: 849-857.Poole Wilson PA et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomized controlled trial. The Lancet 2004, 364: 849-857.Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001;141:334-341.Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001;141:334-341.Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Reversal of the left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. A meta-analysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hypertens 1992;5:95-100.Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Reversal of the left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. A meta-analysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hypertens 1992;5:95-100.Palmieri V, Dahlцf B, DeQuattro V, et al Reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular structure and function. The PRESERVE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:1625-1632.Palmieri V, Dahlцf B, DeQuattro V, et al Reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular structure and function. The PRESERVE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:1625-1632.Terpstra, W.; May, J.; Smit, A.; et al. Effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on intima-media thickness in previously untreated, elderly hypertensive patients (the ELVERA trial) J Hypertension 2004;22:1309-1316.Terpstra, W.; May, J.; Smit, A.; et al. Effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on intima-media thickness in previously untreated, elderly hypertensive patients (the ELVERA trial) J Hypertension 2004;22:1309-1316.OrRourke MF: Vascular impedance. Relation between pressure and flow. In : OrRourke MF (ed): Arterial Function in Health and Disease. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1982, pp. 94- 132.OrRourke MF: Vascular impedance. Relation between pressure and flow. In : OrRourke MF (ed): Arterial Function in Health and Disease. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1982, pp. 94- 132.Кочкина МС, Затейщиков ДА, Сидоренко БА. Измерение жесткости артерий и ее клиническое значение. Кардиология 2005; 1:63-71.Кочкина МС, Затейщиков ДА, Сидоренко БА. Измерение жесткости артерий и ее клиническое значение. Кардиология 2005; 1:63-71.Недогода С.В., Чаляби Т.А. Сосудистая жесткость и скорость распространения пульсовой волны: новые факторы риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и мишени для фармакотерапии. Болезни сердца и сосудов : 2006 N4, с. 34-43.Недогода С.В., Чаляби Т.А. Сосудистая жесткость и скорость распространения пульсовой волны: новые факторы риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и мишени для фармакотерапии. Болезни сердца и сосудов : 2006 N4, с. 34-43.Laurent S. Arterial wall hypertrophy and stiffness in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1995;26:355-62.Laurent S. Arterial wall hypertrophy and stiffness in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1995;26:355-62.Pannier BM, Cambillau MS, Vellaud V, Atger V, Moatti N, Safar ME. Abnormalities of lipid metabolism and arterial rigidity in young subjects with bouderline hypertension. Clin Invest Med 1993;17:42-51.Pannier BM, Cambillau MS, Vellaud V, Atger V, Moatti N, Safar ME. Abnormalities of lipid metabolism and arterial rigidity in young subjects with bouderline hypertension. Clin Invest Med 1993;17:42-51.Korner PL. Resistens control in hypertension. J Hypertens 1989; 7 (Suppl): 125-134.Korner PL. Resistens control in hypertension. J Hypertens 1989; 7 (Suppl): 125-134.London GM, GuOrin AP, Pannier В et al. Arterial wave reflections and increased systolic and pulse pressure in chronic uremia. Study using noninvasive carotidLondon GM, GuOrin AP, Pannier В et al. Arterial wave reflections and increased systolic and pulse pressure in chronic uremia. Study using noninvasive carotidBlacher J, Asmar R, Djane S et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1999; 33:1111-7.Blacher J, Asmar R, Djane S et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1999; 33:1111-7.Meaume S, Rudnichi A, Lynch A et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity: an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 2001;19:871-7.Meaume S, Rudnichi A, Lynch A et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity: an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 2001;19:871-7.Safar ME, Blacher J, Pannier J, ET AL. Central pulse pressure and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2002; 39:735.Safar ME, Blacher J, Pannier J, ET AL. Central pulse pressure and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2002; 39:735.OrRourke. Ascending aortic pressure wave indices and cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:721-723.OrRourke. Ascending aortic pressure wave indices and cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:721-723.Dahlцf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes - Blood Pressure Lowering Arm Trial (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895-906Dahlцf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes - Blood Pressure Lowering Arm Trial (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895-906The CAFЙ Investigators, for the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) investigators. Differential Impact of Blood-Pressure Lowering Drugs on Central Aortic Pressure and Clinical Outcomes Principal Results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFЙ) Study. Circulation 2006; 113:1213-1225.The CAFЙ Investigators, for the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) investigators. Differential Impact of Blood-Pressure Lowering Drugs on Central Aortic Pressure and Clinical Outcomes Principal Results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFЙ) Study. Circulation 2006; 113:1213-1225.Asmar R. Arterial Stiffness and pulse wave velocity. Clinical Implications. Elsevier. Paris 1999; 167 p.Asmar R. Arterial Stiffness and pulse wave velocity. Clinical Implications. Elsevier. Paris 1999; 167 p.Meaume S, Rudnichi A, Lynch A et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity: an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 2001;19:871-7.Meaume S, Rudnichi A, Lynch A et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity: an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 2001;19:871-7.Levenson J, Simon A. Bouthier J, et al. The effect of acute and chronic nicardipine therapy on forearm arterial hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 20:107-113.Levenson J, Simon A. Bouthier J, et al. The effect of acute and chronic nicardipine therapy on forearm arterial hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 20:107-113.Asmar RG, Pannier B, Santoni JPh, et al. Reversion of cardiac hypertrophy and reduced arterial compliance after converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. Circulation 1988; 78:941-950.Asmar RG, Pannier B, Santoni JPh, et al. Reversion of cardiac hypertrophy and reduced arterial compliance after converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. Circulation 1988; 78:941-950.Saito Y, Shirai K, Uchino J, et al. Effect of nifedipine administration on pulse wave velocity (PWV) of chronic hemodialysis patients: 2-year trial.Cardiovasc Drug Ther 1990; 987:900.Saito Y, Shirai K, Uchino J, et al. Effect of nifedipine administration on pulse wave velocity (PWV) of chronic hemodialysis patients: 2-year trial.Cardiovasc Drug Ther 1990; 987:900.London GM, Pannier B, Guerin AP, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy , aortic compliance, periferal resistance, and wave reflections in end-stage renal disease: comparative effects of ACE inhibition and calcium channel blockade. Circulation 1994; 990:2786-2796.London GM, Pannier B, Guerin AP, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy , aortic compliance, periferal resistance, and wave reflections in end-stage renal disease: comparative effects of ACE inhibition and calcium channel blockade. Circulation 1994; 990:2786-2796.Pepine CJ, Handberg-Thurmond E, Marks P et al. Rationale and design of the International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST): an internet - based randomized trial in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension. JACC 1998; 32: 1228-37.Pepine CJ, Handberg-Thurmond E, Marks P et al. Rationale and design of the International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST): an internet - based randomized trial in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension. JACC 1998; 32: 1228-37.G. Bakris, M. Molitch, A. Hewkin, M. Kipnes, P. Sarafidis, K. Fakouhi, P. Bacher, J. Sowers. STAR investigators. Differences in glucose tolerance between fixed (dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006, 29: 2592-2597.G. Bakris, M. Molitch, A. Hewkin, M. Kipnes, P. Sarafidis, K. Fakouhi, P. Bacher, J. Sowers. STAR investigators. Differences in glucose tolerance between fixed (dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006, 29: 2592-2597.Bakris G, Molitch M, Hewkin A, et al. STAR investigators. Differences in glucose tolerance between fixed (dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006, 29: 2592-2597Bakris G, Molitch M, Hewkin A, et al. STAR investigators. Differences in glucose tolerance between fixed (dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006, 29: 2592-2597Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart Journal 2007;28:1462-1536.Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart Journal 2007;28:1462-1536.Packer M, O'Connor Ch, Ghali J. et al. for The Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. Effect of Amlodipine on Morbidity and Mortality in Severe Chronic Heart Failure. NEJM 1996;335:1107-1114.Packer M, O'Connor Ch, Ghali J. et al. for The Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. Effect of Amlodipine on Morbidity and Mortality in Severe Chronic Heart Failure. NEJM 1996;335:1107-1114.Марцевич С.Ю., Кутишенко Н.П., Деев А.Д. и др. Изучение терапевтической эквивалентности двух препаратов амлодипина (оригинального и воспроизведенного) у больных артериальной гипертонией. Результаты двойного слепого, рандомизированного, перекрестного исследования // Российский кардиологический журнал. 2004. № 4, с.53-55.Марцевич С.Ю., Кутишенко Н.П., Деев А.Д. и др. Изучение терапевтической эквивалентности двух препаратов амлодипина (оригинального и воспроизведенного) у больных артериальной гипертонией. Результаты двойного слепого, рандомизированного, перекрестного исследования // Российский кардиологический журнал. 2004. № 4, с.53-55.Зяблов Ю.И., Иванникова О.А. Антиангинальная и антигипертензивная эффективность антагониста кальция кардилопина у больных ишемической болезнью сердца, ассоциированной с артериальной гипертензией. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2005, N2, р. 1-4.Зяблов Ю.И., Иванникова О.А. Антиангинальная и антигипертензивная эффективность антагониста кальция кардилопина у больных ишемической болезнью сердца, ассоциированной с артериальной гипертензией. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2005, N2, р. 1-4.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.