arthyperАртериальная гипертензия"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")1607-419X2411-8524Antihypertensive League10.18705/1607-419X-2019-25-6-639-652arthyper-1867Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯORIGINAL ARTICLEВзаимосвязи компонентов метаболического синдрома с уровнем гормонов, вовлеченных в регуляцию метаболизма жировой тканиInterrelations of components of metabolic syndrome with the level of the hormones involved in regulation of adipose tissue metabolismhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0559-697XБабенкоА. Ю.BabenkoA. Y.

Бабенко Алина Юрьевна — доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель НИЛ диабетологии Института эндокринологии

Санкт-Петербург

Alina Y. Babenko, MD, PhD, DSc, Chief Researcher, Head, Research Laboratory of Diabetology, Institute of Endocrinology

St Petersburg

alina_babenko@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-4924МатвеевГ. А.MatveevG. A.

Матвеев Георгий Александрович — аспирант, НИЛ диабетологии Института эндокринологии

ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341Тел.: +7(812)702–55–95

Georgy A. Matveev, MD, Postgraduate Student, Research Laboratory of Diabetology, Institute of Endocrinology

2 Akkuratov street, St Petersburg, 197341Phone: +7(812)702–55–95

zx5000@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4376-3721АлексеенкоТ. И.AlekseenkoT. I.

Алексеенко Татьяна Игоревна — аспирантка, младший научный сотрудник НИЛ диабетологии Института эндокринологии

Санкт-Петербург

Tatiana I. Alekseenko, MD, Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher, Research Laboratory of Diabetology, Institute of Endocrinology

St Petersburg

tanya.golya@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8624-5046ДеревицкийИ. В.DerevitskiiI. V.

Деревицкий Илья Владиславович — инженер Национального центра когнитивных разработок

Санкт-Петербург

Ilia V. Derevitskii, Engineer, National Center for Cognitive Development, National Center for Cognitive Technologies

St Petersburg

ilyaderevitskiy@gmail.comКокинаМ. А.KokinaM. A.

Кокина Мария Александровна — врач лабораторной диагностики клиники диагностической лаборатории

Санкт-Петербург

Maria A. Kokina, MD, Laboratory Diagnostics Specialist, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory

St Petersburg

mapillika@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-0980ШляхтоЕ. В.ShlyakhtoE. V.

Шляхто Евгений Владимирович — академик РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, Генеральный директор

Санкт-Петербург

Evgeny V. Shlyakhto, MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Director General

St Petersburg

e.shlyakhto@almazovcentre.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияAlmazov National Research CentreRussian FederationУниверситет ИТМОРоссияITMO UniversityRussian Federation201913122019256639652Copyright © Бабенко А.Ю., Матвеев Г.А., Алексеенко Т.И., Деревицкий И.В., Кокина М.А., Шляхто Е.В., 20202020Бабенко А.Ю., Матвеев Г.А., Алексеенко Т.И., Деревицкий И.В., Кокина М.А., Шляхто Е.В.Babenko A.Y., Matveev G.A., Alekseenko T.I., Derevitskii I.V., Kokina M.A., Shlyakhto E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1867метаболический синдроминсулинорезистентностьгрелинлептинадипонектинглюкагоноподобный пептид 1глюкозозависимый инсулинотропный пептидиндекс массы телаокружность талииокружность бедериндекс инсулинорезистентности НОМАmetabolic syndromeinsulin resistanceghrelinleptinadiponectinglucose-dependent insulinotropic peptideglucagon-like peptide 1body mass indexwaist circumferencehip circumferenceHOMA-IR indexИсследование было выполнено как часть научного проекта, поддержанного грантом Российского Научного Фонда (соглашение № 17–75–30052).The study was carried out as a part of a research project supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (agreement № 17–75–30052).ReferencesGrundy SM. Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(4):629–636. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.151092Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(4):629–636. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.151092Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):399–404. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0513Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):399–404. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-0513Mannucci E, Ognibene A, Cremasco F, Bardini G, Mencucci A, Pierazzuoli E et al. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and leptin concentrations in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2000;17(10):713–719. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00367.xMannucci E, Ognibene A, Cremasco F, Bardini G, Mencucci A, Pierazzuoli E et al. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and leptin concentrations in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2000;17(10):713–719. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00367.xZhang Y, Scarpace PJ. The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity. Physiol Behav. 2006;88(3):249–256. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.038Zhang Y, Scarpace PJ. The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity. Physiol Behav. 2006;88(3):249–256. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.038Yanai H, Yoshida H. Beneficial effects of adiponectin on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic progression: mechanisms and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(5):1190. doi: 10.3390/ijms20051190Yanai H, Yoshida H. Beneficial effects of adiponectin on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic progression: mechanisms and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(5):1190. doi: 10.3390/ijms20051190Chan DC, Watts GF, Ng TW, Uchida Y, Sakai N, Yamashita S et al. Adiponectin and other adipocytokines as predictors of markers of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Clin Chem. 2005;51 (3):578–585. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.045120Chan DC, Watts GF, Ng TW, Uchida Y, Sakai N, Yamashita S et al. Adiponectin and other adipocytokines as predictors of markers of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Clin Chem. 2005;51 (3):578–585. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.045120Kim DH, Kim C, Ding EL, Townsend MK, Lipsitz LA. Adiponectin levels and the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2013;62(1):27–32. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01453Kim DH, Kim C, Ding EL, Townsend MK, Lipsitz LA. Adiponectin levels and the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2013;62(1):27–32. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01453Cervone DT, Sheremeta J, Kraft EN, Dyck DJ. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin directly regulate ß-3 stimulated lipid turnover in rodent subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue ex vivo but not in vivo. Adipocyte. 2019;8(1):1–15. doi: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1528811Cervone DT, Sheremeta J, Kraft EN, Dyck DJ. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin directly regulate ß-3 stimulated lipid turnover in rodent subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue ex vivo but not in vivo. Adipocyte. 2019;8(1):1–15. doi: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1528811Rosická M, Krsek M, Matoulek M, Jarkovská Z, Marek J, Justová V et al. Serum ghrelin levels in obese patients: the relationship to serum leptin levels and soluble leptin receptorslevels. Physiol Res. 2003;52(1):61–66.Rosická M, Krsek M, Matoulek M, Jarkovská Z, Marek J, Justová V et al. Serum ghrelin levels in obese patients: the relationship to serum leptin levels and soluble leptin receptorslevels. Physiol Res. 2003;52(1):61–66.Carroll JF, Kaiser KA, Franks SF, Deere C, Caffrey JL. Influence of BMI and gender on postprandial hormone responses. Obesity ( Silver Spring ). 2007;15(12):2974–2983. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.355Carroll JF, Kaiser KA, Franks SF, Deere C, Caffrey JL. Influence of BMI and gender on postprandial hormone responses. Obesity ( Silver Spring ). 2007;15(12):2974–2983. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.355Babenko AYu, Tikhonenko EV, Tsoy UA, Vasilieva EYu. Сharacteristics of eating behavior and the level of hormones regulating the appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index more than 35. Obesity and metabolism.2018;15 (1):30–38.Babenko AYu, Tikhonenko EV, Tsoy UA, Vasilieva EYu. Сharacteristics of eating behavior and the level of hormones regulating the appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index more than 35. Obesity and metabolism.2018;15 (1):30–38.Katsuki A, Urakawa H, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Nakatani K, Togashi K et al. Circulating levels of active ghrelin is associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151(5):573–577.Katsuki A, Urakawa H, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Nakatani K, Togashi K et al. Circulating levels of active ghrelin is associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151(5):573–577.Barazzoni R, Bosutti A, Stebel M, Cattin MR, Roder E, Visintin L et al. Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle. Am J Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288(1):228–235. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00115.2004Barazzoni R, Bosutti A, Stebel M, Cattin MR, Roder E, Visintin L et al. Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle. Am J Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288(1):228–235. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00115.2004Banks WA, Burney BO, Robinson SM. Effects of triglycerides, obesity, and starvation on ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier. Peptides. 2008;29(11):2061–2065. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.001Banks WA, Burney BO, Robinson SM. Effects of triglycerides, obesity, and starvation on ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier. Peptides. 2008;29(11):2061–2065. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.001Zhao Y, Burkow D, Song B. Mathematically modeling the role of triglyceride production on leptin resistance. In: Patnaik S, Jain V (eds.). Recent Developments in Intelligent Computing, Communication and Devices — Proceedings of ICCD. 2017:291–301. (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing; Vol. 752). Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8944-2_35Zhao Y, Burkow D, Song B. Mathematically modeling the role of triglyceride production on leptin resistance. In: Patnaik S, Jain V (eds.). Recent Developments in Intelligent Computing, Communication and Devices — Proceedings of ICCD. 2017:291–301. (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing; Vol. 752). Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8944-2_35Mao Y, Tokudome T, Kishimoto I. Ghrelin and blood pressure regulation. Cur Hypertens Reports. 2016;18(2):15. doi: 10.1007/s11906-015-0622-5Mao Y, Tokudome T, Kishimoto I. Ghrelin and blood pressure regulation. Cur Hypertens Reports. 2016;18(2):15. doi: 10.1007/s11906-015-0622-5Oner-Iyidoğan Y, Koçak H, Gürdöl F, Oner P, Issever H, Esin D. Circulating ghrelin levels in obese women: a possible association with hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67 (5):568–576. doi: 10.1080/00365510701210186Oner-Iyidoğan Y, Koçak H, Gürdöl F, Oner P, Issever H, Esin D. Circulating ghrelin levels in obese women: a possible association with hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67 (5):568–576. doi: 10.1080/00365510701210186Albaugh VL, Banan B, Antoun, J, Xiong Y, GuoY, Ping J et al. Role of bile acids and GLP-1 in mediating the metabolic improvements of bariatric surgery. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(4):1041–1051.e4. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.017Albaugh VL, Banan B, Antoun, J, Xiong Y, GuoY, Ping J et al. Role of bile acids and GLP-1 in mediating the metabolic improvements of bariatric surgery. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(4):1041–1051.e4. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.017Smith NK, Hackett TA, Galli A, Flynn CR. GLP - 1: Molecular mechanisms and outcomes of a complex signaling system. Neurochem Int. 2019;128:94–105. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.010Smith NK, Hackett TA, Galli A, Flynn CR. GLP - 1: Molecular mechanisms and outcomes of a complex signaling system. Neurochem Int. 2019;128:94–105. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.010Liu S, Liu R, Chiang YT, Song L, Li X, Jin T et al. Insulin detemir enhances proglucagon gene expression in the intestinal L cells via stimulating β-catenin and CREB activities. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;303(6):740–751. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00328.2011Liu S, Liu R, Chiang YT, Song L, Li X, Jin T et al. Insulin detemir enhances proglucagon gene expression in the intestinal L cells via stimulating β-catenin and CREB activities. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;303(6):740–751. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00328.2011Anini Y, Brubaker PL. Role of leptin in the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetes. 2003;52(2):252–259. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.252Anini Y, Brubaker PL. Role of leptin in the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetes. 2003;52(2):252–259. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.252Hagemann D, Holst JJ, GethmannA, Banasch M, Schmidt WE, Meier JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) suppresses ghrelin levels in humans via increased insulin secretion. Regul Pept. 2007;143(1–3):64–68. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.03.002Hagemann D, Holst JJ, GethmannA, Banasch M, Schmidt WE, Meier JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) suppresses ghrelin levels in humans via increased insulin secretion. Regul Pept. 2007;143(1–3):64–68. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.03.002Gagnon J, Baggio LL, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Ghrelin is a novel regulator of GLP-1 secretion. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):15131521. doi: 10.2337/db14-1176Gagnon J, Baggio LL, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Ghrelin is a novel regulator of GLP-1 secretion. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):15131521. doi: 10.2337/db14-1176Anandhakrishnan А, Korbonits М. Glucagon-like peptide-1 in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of clinical obesity. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(20):572–598. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i20.572Anandhakrishnan А, Korbonits М. Glucagon-like peptide-1 in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of clinical obesity. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(20):572–598. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i20.572Yamaoka-Tojo M, Tojo T, Takahira N, Matsunaga A, Aoyama N, Masuda T et al. Elevated circulating levels of an incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1, are associated with metabolic components in high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;9:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-17Yamaoka-Tojo M, Tojo T, Takahira N, Matsunaga A, Aoyama N, Masuda T et al. Elevated circulating levels of an incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1, are associated with metabolic components in high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;9:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-17Cho YM, Fujita Y, Kieffer TJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1: glucose homeostasis and beyond. Annu Rev Physiol. 2014;76:535–559. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170315Cho YM, Fujita Y, Kieffer TJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1: glucose homeostasis and beyond. Annu Rev Physiol. 2014;76:535–559. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170315Sancho V, Trigo MV, Martґın-Duce A, Gonzґalez N, Acitores A, Arnés L et al. Effect of GLP-1 on D-glucose transport, lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipocytes of obese subjects. Int J Mol Med. 2006;17(6):1133–1137. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.17.6.1133Sancho V, Trigo MV, Martґın-Duce A, Gonzґalez N, Acitores A, Arnés L et al. Effect of GLP-1 on D-glucose transport, lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipocytes of obese subjects. Int J Mol Med. 2006;17(6):1133–1137. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.17.6.1133Bertin E, Arner P, Bolinder J, Hagstrom-Toft E. Action of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36) amide on lipolysis in human subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(3):1229–1234. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.3.7330Bertin E, Arner P, Bolinder J, Hagstrom-Toft E. Action of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36) amide on lipolysis in human subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(3):1229–1234. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.3.7330Ban K, Noyan-Ashraf MH, Hoefer J, Bolz SS, Drucker DJ, Husain M. Cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions of glucagon-like peptide -1 receptor are mediated through both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-dependent and — independent pathways. Circulation. 2008;117(18):2340–2350. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739938Ban K, Noyan-Ashraf MH, Hoefer J, Bolz SS, Drucker DJ, Husain M. Cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions of glucagon-like peptide -1 receptor are mediated through both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-dependent and — independent pathways. Circulation. 2008;117(18):2340–2350. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739938Gutzwiller JP, Tschopp S, Bock A, Zehnder CE, Huber AR, Kreyenbuehl M et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):3055–3061. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031403Gutzwiller JP, Tschopp S, Bock A, Zehnder CE, Huber AR, Kreyenbuehl M et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):3055–3061. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031403Yamamoto H, Lee CE, Marcus JN, Williams TD, Overton JM, Lopez ME et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor stimulation increases blood pressure and heart rate and activates autonomic regulatory neurons. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(1):43–52. doi: 10.1172/JCI15595Yamamoto H, Lee CE, Marcus JN, Williams TD, Overton JM, Lopez ME et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor stimulation increases blood pressure and heart rate and activates autonomic regulatory neurons. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(1):43–52. doi: 10.1172/JCI15595Yoon JS, Lee HW. Understanding the cardiovascular effects of incretin. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):437–443. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.437Yoon JS, Lee HW. Understanding the cardiovascular effects of incretin. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):437–443. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.437Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2131–2157. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.054Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2131–2157. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.054McIntosh CH, Widenmaier S, Kim SJ. Glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP). Vitam Horm. 2009;80:409–471. doi: 10.1016/S0083-6729(08)00615-8McIntosh CH, Widenmaier S, Kim SJ. Glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP). Vitam Horm. 2009;80:409–471. doi: 10.1016/S0083-6729(08)00615-8Møller KL, Vistisen D, Færch K, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Jonsson A et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is associated with lower low-density lipoprotein but unhealthy fat distribution, independent of insulin: The ADDITIONPRO Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):485–493. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015–3133Møller KL, Vistisen D, Færch K, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Jonsson A et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is associated with lower low-density lipoprotein but unhealthy fat distribution, independent of insulin: The ADDITIONPRO Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):485–493. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015–3133Ebert R, Nauck M, Creutzfeldt W. Effect of exogenous or endogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on plasma triglyceride responses in rats. Horm Metab Res. 1991;23(11):517–521. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1003745Ebert R, Nauck M, Creutzfeldt W. Effect of exogenous or endogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on plasma triglyceride responses in rats. Horm Metab Res. 1991;23(11):517–521. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1003745Alssema M, Rijkelijkhuizen JM, Holst JJ, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Eekhoff EM et al. Preserved GLP-1 and exaggerated GIP secretion in type 2 diabetes and relationships with triglycerides and ALT. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169(4):421–430. doi: 10.1530/EJE-130487Alssema M, Rijkelijkhuizen JM, Holst JJ, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Eekhoff EM et al. Preserved GLP-1 and exaggerated GIP secretion in type 2 diabetes and relationships with triglycerides and ALT. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169(4):421–430. doi: 10.1530/EJE-130487Theodorakis MJ, Carlson O, Michopoulos S, Doyle ME, Juhaszova M, Petraki K et al. Human duodenal enteroendocrine cells: source of both incretin peptides, GLP-1 and GIP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290(3):550–559. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2004Theodorakis MJ, Carlson O, Michopoulos S, Doyle ME, Juhaszova M, Petraki K et al. Human duodenal enteroendocrine cells: source of both incretin peptides, GLP-1 and GIP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290(3):550–559. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2004Vilsbøll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagonlike peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2001;50(3):609–613. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.3.609Vilsbøll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagonlike peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2001;50(3):609–613. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.3.609Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Duran X, Pachón G, Roche K, Garrido-Sánchez L, Vilarrasa N et al. Disruption of GIP/GIPR axis in human adipose tissue is linked to obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Meta b . 2014;99(5):908–919. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013–3350Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Duran X, Pachón G, Roche K, Garrido-Sánchez L, Vilarrasa N et al. Disruption of GIP/GIPR axis in human adipose tissue is linked to obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Meta b . 2014;99(5):908–919. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013–3350Timper K, Grisouard J, Sauter NS, Herzog-Radimerski T, Dembinski K, Peterli R et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide induces cytokine expression, lipolysis, and insulin resistance in human adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;304(1):1–13. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2012Timper K, Grisouard J, Sauter NS, Herzog-Radimerski T, Dembinski K, Peterli R et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide induces cytokine expression, lipolysis, and insulin resistance in human adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;304(1):1–13. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2012Oshima N, Onimaru H, Matsubara H, Uchida T, Watanabe A, Imakiire T et al. Direct effects of glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GIP on bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in neonatal Wistar rats. Neuroscience. 2017;344:74–88. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.039Oshima N, Onimaru H, Matsubara H, Uchida T, Watanabe A, Imakiire T et al. Direct effects of glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GIP on bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in neonatal Wistar rats. Neuroscience. 2017;344:74–88. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.039Gao X, Lindqvist A, Sandberg M, Groop L, Wierup N, Jansson L. Effects of GIP on regional blood flow during normoglycemia and hyperglycemia in anesthetized rats. Physiol Rep. 2018;6(8):13685. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13685Gao X, Lindqvist A, Sandberg M, Groop L, Wierup N, Jansson L. Effects of GIP on regional blood flow during normoglycemia and hyperglycemia in anesthetized rats. Physiol Rep. 2018;6(8):13685. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13685Беляева О. Д., Баженова Е. А., Березина А. В., Большакова О. О., Чубенко Е. А., Гаранина А. Е. и др. Уровень адипонектина, показатели липидного и углеводного обменов у пациентов с абдоминальным ожирением. Артериальная гипертензия. 2009;15(3):309–314.Belyaeva OD, Bazhenova EA, Berezina AV, Bolshakova OO, Chubenko EA, Garanina AE et al. Adiponectin levels, lipid profile and glucose metabolism in patients with abdominal obesity. Arterial Hypertension. 2009;15(3):309–314. In Russian.BabenkoAYu, Savitskaya DA, Kononova YA, TrofimovaAYu, Simanenkova AV, Vasilyeva EYu et al. Predictors of effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. J Diabetes Res. 2019;1365162. doi: 10.1155/2019/1365162BabenkoAYu, Savitskaya DA, Kononova YA, TrofimovaAYu, Simanenkova AV, Vasilyeva EYu et al. Predictors of effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. J Diabetes Res. 2019;1365162. doi: 10.1155/2019/1365162Hussein MS, Abushady MM, Refaat S, Ibrahim R. Plasma level of glucagon-like peptide-1 in obese Egyptians with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Arch Med Res. 2014;45(1):58–62. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.10.012Hussein MS, Abushady MM, Refaat S, Ibrahim R. Plasma level of glucagon-like peptide-1 in obese Egyptians with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Arch Med Res. 2014;45(1):58–62. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.10.012Ranganath LR, Beety JM, Morgan LM, Wright JW, Howland R, Marks V. Attenuated GLP-1 secretion in obesity: cause or consequence? Gut. 1996;38(6):916–919.Ranganath LR, Beety JM, Morgan LM, Wright JW, Howland R, Marks V. Attenuated GLP-1 secretion in obesity: cause or consequence? Gut. 1996;38(6):916–919.Faerch K, Torekov SS, Vistisen D, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Jonsson A et al. GLP-1 response to oral glucose is reduced in prediabetes, screen-detected type 2 diabetes, and obesity and influenced by sex: the ADDITION-PRO Study. Diabetes. 2015;64(7):2513–2525.Faerch K, Torekov SS, Vistisen D, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Jonsson A et al. GLP-1 response to oral glucose is reduced in prediabetes, screen-detected type 2 diabetes, and obesity and influenced by sex: the ADDITION-PRO Study. Diabetes. 2015;64(7):2513–2525.Matikainen N, Bogl LH, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Kaprio J et al. GLP-1 responses are heritable and blunted in acquired obesity with high liver fat and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):242–251.Matikainen N, Bogl LH, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Kaprio J et al. GLP-1 responses are heritable and blunted in acquired obesity with high liver fat and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):242–251.Сreutzfeldt W, Ebert R, Willms B, Frerichs H, Brown JC. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin in obesity: increased response to stimulation and defective feedback control of serum levels. Diabetologia. 1978;14(1):15–24.Сreutzfeldt W, Ebert R, Willms B, Frerichs H, Brown JC. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin in obesity: increased response to stimulation and defective feedback control of serum levels. Diabetologia. 1978;14(1):15–24.Roust LR, Stesin M, Go VLW, O’Brien PC, Rizza RA, Service FJ. Role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in postprandial hyperinsulinemia of obesity. Am J Physiol. 1988;254(6Pt1):E767–74. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1988.254.6.E767Roust LR, Stesin M, Go VLW, O’Brien PC, Rizza RA, Service FJ. Role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in postprandial hyperinsulinemia of obesity. Am J Physiol. 1988;254(6Pt1):E767–74. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1988.254.6.E767

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.