<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">arthyper</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Артериальная гипертензия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-419X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-8524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Antihypertensive League</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/1607-419X-2020-26-2-124-132</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">arthyper-1937</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>COVID-19: каковы риски пациентов с артериальной гипертензией?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>COVID-19: what are the risks in hypertensive patients?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-6012</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коростовцева</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korostovtseva</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коростовцева Людмила Сергеевна — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник группы по сомнологии научно-исследовательского отдела артериальной гипертензии, доцент кафедры кардиологии.</p><p>Ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341. Тел.: 8(812)702-37-33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila S. Korostovtseva - MD, PhD, Senior Researcher, Somnology Group, Research Department for Hypertension, Associate Professor, Faculty Department of Cardiology.</p><p>2 Akkuratov street, St Petersburg, 197341, Phone: 8(812)702-37-33</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">korostovtseva_ls@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-9772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ротарь</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rotar</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ротарь Оксана Петровна — доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oxana P. Rotar - MD, PhD, DSc, Head, Scientific Laboratory of Epidemiology of Non-communicable Diseases.</p><p>2 Akkuratov street, St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rotari_oxana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-7812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конради</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konradi</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конради Александра Олеговна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заведующая кафедрой организации управления и экономики здравоохранения, заместитель генерального директора по научной работе.</p><p>Ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra O. Konradi - MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Head,Head, Faculty Department of Healthcare Management and Economics, Deputy General Director on Research.</p><p>2 Akkuratov street, St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konradi_ao@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коростовцева Л.С., Ротарь О.П., Конради А.О., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коростовцева Л.С., Ротарь О.П., Конради А.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korostovtseva L.S., Rotar O.P., Konradi A.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1937">https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/1937</self-uri><abstract><p>Принимая во внимание число жертв новой коронавирусной инфекции, вызываемой вирусом SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), 11 марта 2020 года Всемирная организация здравоохранения объявила пандемию. За период с декабря 2019 года, когда в Китае был выявлен первый случай атипичной пневмонии, появились первые данные об особенностях течения инфекции у пациентов с различными заболеваниями. В частности, появились сообщения о большей подверженности инфекции лиц с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями и, в частности, с артериальной гипертензией, и существенно более высоком риске развития неблагоприятных исходов у этой группы пациентов. Мы приводим анализ имеющихся на настоящий момент публикаций, касающихся коронавирусной инфекции у лиц с артериальной гипертензией. В статье затрагиваются вопросы рисков у больных артериальной гипертензией на фоне коронавирусной инфекции, в том числе связанных с антигипертензивной терапией (включая блокаторы ренин-ангиотензин-альдо-стероновой системы), и подходы к ведению таких пациентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Considering the number of patients affected by SARS-CoV-2, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. A number of publications regarding the course of COVID-19 infection and its relation to comorbidities have appeared since December 2019, when the first cases of atypical pneumonia were diagnosed in China. There is evidence of the higher susceptibility and higher risk of unfavourable outcomes in comorbid patients, including those with hypertension. We summarize the available data on the association with the COVID-19 infection and arterial hypertension, and discuss potential risks, e.g. the risks and benefits of antihypertensive therapy (in particular, related to the blockers of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) and the management approaches.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирус</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистый риск</kwd><kwd>блокаторы ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновой системы</kwd><kwd>ангиотензинпревращающий фермент 2</kwd><kwd>цинк</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coronavirus</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>hypertension</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular risk</kwd><kwd>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockers</kwd><kwd>angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 2</kwd><kwd>zinc</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern J Infectious Dis. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern J Infectious Dis. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Science China Life Sciences. 2020;63(3):457-60. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Science China Life Sciences. 2020;63(3):457-60. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alraddadi BM, Watson JT, Almarashi A, Abedi GR, Turkistani A, Sadran M et al. Risk factors for primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2016;22(1):49-55. doi:10.3201/eid2201.151340</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alraddadi BM, Watson JT, Almarashi A, Abedi GR, Turkistani A, Sadran M et al. Risk factors for primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2016;22(1):49-55. doi:10.3201/eid2201.151340</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;(0123456789). doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;(0123456789). doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) out of Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; pii: ciaa242. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa242 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) out of Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; pii: ciaa242. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa242 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. Br Med J. 2020;1091(March): m1091. dx.doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmj.m1091 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. Br Med J. 2020;1091(March): m1091. dx.doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmj.m1091 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infection. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infection. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guan W, Ph D, Liang W, Zhao Y, Med M, Liang H et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020. doi:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guan W, Ph D, Liang W, Zhao Y, Med M, Liang H et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020. doi:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology. 2020; doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology. 2020; doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Batlle D, Wysocki J, Satchell K. Soluble angiotensinconverting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Clin Sci. 2020;134(5):543-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batlle D, Wysocki J, Satchell K. Soluble angiotensinconverting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Clin Sci. 2020;134(5):543-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallagher P, Ferrario C, Tallant E. Regulation of ACE 2 in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(6):H2373-H2379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallagher P, Ferrario C, Tallant E. Regulation of ACE 2 in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(6):H2373-H2379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Imai Y, Kuba K, Penninger JM. The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice. Experimental Physiology. 2008;93(5):543-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imai Y, Kuba K, Penninger JM. The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice. Experimental Physiology. 2008;93(5):543-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mendoza Torres E, Oyarzun A, Mondaca Ruff D, Azocar A, Chiong M, Castro PF et al. ACE 2 and vasoactive peptides: Novel players in cardiovascular/renal remodeling and hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;9(4):217-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mendoza Torres E, Oyarzun A, Mondaca Ruff D, Azocar A, Chiong M, Castro PF et al. ACE 2 and vasoactive peptides: Novel players in cardiovascular/renal remodeling and hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;9(4):217-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111(20): 2605-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111(20): 2605-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qiao W, Wang C, Chen B, Zhang F, Liu Y, Lu Q et al. Ibuprofen attenuates cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiology. 2015;131(2):97-106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiao W, Wang C, Chen B, Zhang F, Liu Y, Lu Q et al. Ibuprofen attenuates cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiology. 2015;131(2):97-106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sommerstein R, Grani C. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic: ACE inhibitors as a potential risk factor for fatal Covid-19. Br Med J. 2020;368:m810 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sommerstein R, Grani C. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic: ACE inhibitors as a potential risk factor for fatal Covid-19. Br Med J. 2020;368:m810 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;2600(20):30116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;2600(20):30116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q, Twerenbold R, Haaf P et al. SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19? Eur Heart J. 2020;1-3. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa235 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q, Twerenbold R, Haaf P et al. SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19? Eur Heart J. 2020;1-3. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa235 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sparks MA, South A, Welling P, Luther JM, Cohen J, Byrd JB et al. Sound Science before Quick Judgement Regarding RAS Blockade in COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;12-4. doi:10.2215/CJN.03530320 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sparks MA, South A, Welling P, Luther JM, Cohen J, Byrd JB et al. Sound Science before Quick Judgement Regarding RAS Blockade in COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;12-4. doi:10.2215/CJN.03530320 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zou Z, Yan Y, Shu Y, Gao R, Sun Y, Li X et al. Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 protects from lethal avian influenza A H5N 1 infections. Nature Communications. 2014;5(May):1-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zou Z, Yan Y, Shu Y, Gao R, Sun Y, Li X et al. Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 protects from lethal avian influenza A H5N 1 infections. Nature Communications. 2014;5(May):1-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Development Research. 2020;(February):2-5. doi:10.1002/ddr.21656</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Development Research. 2020;(February):2-5. doi:10.1002/ddr.21656</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danser AHJ, Epstein M, Batlle D. Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: at present there is no evidence to abandon renin-angiotensin system blockers. Hypertension. 2020; HYPERTENSIONAHA12015082. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danser AHJ, Epstein M, Batlle D. Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: at present there is no evidence to abandon renin-angiotensin system blockers. Hypertension. 2020; HYPERTENSIONAHA12015082. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suliburska J, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Pupek-Musialik D. The influence of antihypertensive drugs on mineral status in hypertensive patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2014;18(1):58-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suliburska J, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Pupek-Musialik D. The influence of antihypertensive drugs on mineral status in hypertensive patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2014;18(1):58-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suliburska J, Skrypnik K, Szulinska M, Kupsz J, Markus-zewski L, Bogdanski P. Diuretics, ca-antagonists, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors affect zinc status in hypertensive patients on monotherapy: A randomized trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suliburska J, Skrypnik K, Szulinska M, Kupsz J, Markus-zewski L, Bogdanski P. Diuretics, ca-antagonists, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors affect zinc status in hypertensive patients on monotherapy: A randomized trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiba M, Katayama K, Takeda R, Morita R, Iwahashi K, Onishi Y, et al. Diuretics aggravate zinc deficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis by increasing zinc excretion in urine. Hepatol Res. 2013;43(4):365-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiba M, Katayama K, Takeda R, Morita R, Iwahashi K, Onishi Y, et al. Diuretics aggravate zinc deficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis by increasing zinc excretion in urine. Hepatol Res. 2013;43(4):365-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):696-710.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):696-710.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sprietsma JE. Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Med Hypoth. 1999;53(1):6-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sprietsma JE. Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Med Hypoth. 1999;53(1):6-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">te Velthuis AJW, van den Worml SHE, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathogens. 2010;6(11):1-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">te Velthuis AJW, van den Worml SHE, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathogens. 2010;6(11):1-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prasad AS, Beck FWJ, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: Effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(3):837-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasad AS, Beck FWJ, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: Effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(3):837-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houston MC. The role of cellular micronutrient analysis, nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;4(3):165-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houston MC. The role of cellular micronutrient analysis, nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;4(3):165-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim A, Sparks J, Liew J, Putman M, Berenbaum F, Duarte-Garda A et al. A rush to judgment? Rapid reporting and dissemination of results and its consequences regarding the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020; doi:10.7326/M20-1223 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim A, Sparks J, Liew J, Putman M, Berenbaum F, Duarte-Garda A et al. A rush to judgment? Rapid reporting and dissemination of results and its consequences regarding the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020; doi:10.7326/M20-1223 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gautret P, Lagier J, Parola P, Hoang V, Meddeb L, Mailhe M. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;(January):105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gautret P, Lagier J, Parola P, Hoang V, Meddeb L, Mailhe M. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;(January):105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xue J, Moyer A, Peng B, Wu J, Hannafon BN, Ding WQ. Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):1—6. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0109180</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xue J, Moyer A, Peng B, Wu J, Hannafon BN, Ding WQ. Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):1—6. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0109180</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111—88. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111—88. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. European Heart Journal. 2020;41(2):255-323. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. European Heart Journal. 2020;41(2):255-323. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knuuti J, Wijns W, Achenbach S, Agewall S, Barbato E, Bax JJ et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knuuti J, Wijns W, Achenbach S, Agewall S, Barbato E, Bax JJ et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-177. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-177. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agabiti E, France MA, Uk AD, Germany FM, Kerins M, Germany RK, et al. 2018 ESC / ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021-104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agabiti E, France MA, Uk AD, Germany FM, Kerins M, Germany RK, et al. 2018 ESC / ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021-104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шляхто Е. В., Конради А. О., Арутюнов Г. П., Арутюнов А. Г., Баутин А. Е., Бойцов С. А. и др. Руководство по диагностике и лечению болезней системы кровообращения в контексте пандемии COVID-19. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(3):21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shlyakhto EV, Konradi AO, Arutyunov GP, Arutyunov AG, Bautin AE, Boytsov SA et al. Guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in COVID-19 pandemic. Russian Cardiology Journal. 2020;25(3):21. In Russian.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meng J, Xiao G, Zhang J, He X, Ou M, Bi J et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Emerging Microbes Infections. 2020;9(1):757-60. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1746200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meng J, Xiao G, Zhang J, He X, Ou M, Bi J et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Emerging Microbes Infections. 2020;9(1):757-60. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1746200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
