<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">arthyper</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Артериальная гипертензия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-419X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-8524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Antihypertensive League</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/1607-419X-2025-2511</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">IGGFMQ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">arthyper-2511</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Структурно-функциональное состояние сосудов и переносимость физических нагрузок в отдаленном периоде после COVID‑19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Structural and functional vascular changes and exercise tolerance at the long-term follow-up after COVID‑19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-8328</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондарь</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondar</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бондарь Светлана Александровна — врач-кардиолог</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Bondar, MD, cardiologist</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bondar_sa@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-9772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ротарь</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rotar</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ротарь Оксана Петровна — доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний, заведующая научно-исследовательской лабораторией популяционной генетики научно-исследовательского отдела генетических рисков и персонифицированной профилактики Научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oxana P. Rotar, MD, PhD, DSc, Chief Researcher, Research Laboratory of Epidemiology of Non-communicable Diseases, Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Head, Research Laboratory of Population Genetics of the Research Department of Genetic Risks and Personalized Prevention, World-class Scientific Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rotar'_op@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5601-0668</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бояринова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boyarinova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бояринова Мария Анатольевна — научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории популяционной генетики научно-исследовательского отдела генетических рисков и персонифицированной профилактики Научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria A. Boyarinova, MD, Researcher, Research Laboratory of Population Genetics of the Research Department of Genetic Risks and Personalized Prevention, World-class Scientific Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">boyarinova_ma@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0838-5390</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Могучая</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moguchaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Могучая Екатерина Викторовна — научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории популяционной генетики научно-исследовательского отдела генетических рисков и персонифицированной профилактики Научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Moguchaya, MD, Researcher, Research Laboratory of Population Genetics of the Research Department of Genetic Risks and Personalized Prevention, World-class Scientific Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moguchaya_ev@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-3844</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесова</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesova</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колесова Екатерина Павловна — кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории популяционной генетики научно-исследовательского отдела генетических рисков и персонифицированной профилактики Научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina P. Kolesova, MD, PhD, Leading Researcher, Research Laboratory of Population Genetics of the Research Department of Genetic Risks and Personalized Prevention, World-class Scientific Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kolesova_ep@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0648-3421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерина</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Erina</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ерина Анастасия Максимовна — кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории популяционной генетики научно-исследовательского отдела генетических рисков и персонифицированной профилактики Научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia M. Erina, MD, PhD, Researcher, Research Laboratory of Population Genetics of the Research Department of Genetic Risks and Personalized Prevention, World-class Scientific Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">erina_am@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-8873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильева Елена Юрьевна — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующая центральной клинико-диагностической лабораторией</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Yu. Vasilyeva, MD, PhD, Head, Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vasil'eva_eyu@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-3845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Березина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Березина Аэлита Валерьевна — доктор медицинских наук, заведующая научно-исследовательской лабораторией кардиопульмонального тестирования</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aelita V. Berezina, MD, PhD, DSc, Head, Research Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Testing</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berezina_av@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-0123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каронова</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karonova</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каронова Татьяна Леонидовна — доктор медицинских наук, руководитель научно-исследовательской лаборатории клинической эндокринологии, заведующая научно-исследовательской лабораторией новой коронавирусной инфекции и постковидного синдрома Научного центра мирового уровня «Центр персонализированной медицины»</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana L. Karonova, MD, PhD, DSc, Head, Laboratory of Clinical Endocrinology; Head, Research Laboratory of Novel Coronavirus Infection and Post-COVID Syndrome, World-class Scientific Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karonova_tl@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-7812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конради</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konradi</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конради Александра Олеговна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, заместитель генерального директора по научной работе, заведующая НИО АГ, заведующая кафедрой организации управления и экономики здравоохранения Института медицинского образования</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra О. Konradi, MD, PhD, DSc, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Head, Department for Hypertension, Head, Chair of Health Care Management and Economics, Institute of Medical Education</p><p>2 Akkuratov str., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konradi_ao@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>238</fpage><lpage>250</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бондарь С.А., Ротарь О.П., Бояринова М.А., Могучая Е.В., Колесова Е.П., Ерина А.М., Васильева Е.Ю., Березина А.В., Каронова Т.Л., Конради А.О., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бондарь С.А., Ротарь О.П., Бояринова М.А., Могучая Е.В., Колесова Е.П., Ерина А.М., Васильева Е.Ю., Березина А.В., Каронова Т.Л., Конради А.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bondar S.A., Rotar O.P., Boyarinova M.A., Moguchaya E.V., Kolesova E.P., Erina A.M., Vasilyeva E.Y., Berezina A.V., Karonova T.L., Konradi A.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/2511">https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/2511</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Эндотелиальная дисфункция рассматривается как один из возможных патофизиологических механизмов снижения переносимости физических нагрузок у пациентов, перенесших COVID‑19. Цель исследования — оценить структурно-функциональное состояние сосудов и переносимость физических нагрузок у пациентов в отдаленном периоде после госпитализации с COVID‑19.Материалы и методы. Были обследованы пациенты старше 18 лет эпидемиологического исследования ЭССЕ-РФ: группа COVID‑19 (n = 31) — пациенты, госпитализированные с COVID‑19, группа контроля (n = 31) — пациенты, которые не были госпитализированы с COVID‑19. Состояние эндотелия оценивали по уровням антигена фактора фон Виллебранда (vWF), интерлейкина 6 (ИЛ‑6) и триметиламин-N-оксида (ТМАО) в крови; артериальную жесткость — по каротидно-феморальной скорости пульсовой волны (кфСПВ), по сердечно-лодыжечному сосудистому индексу (СЛСИ); переносимость физических нагрузок — при кардиореспираторном нагрузочном тестировании (КРНТ).Результаты. У пациентов группы COVID‑19 после инфекции прошло в среднем 570 ± 179 дней. Различий в сосудистых показателях между группой COVID‑19 и группой контроля не было (p &gt; 0,05): vWF — 2,2 (0,5; 2,7) против 2,3 (1,0; 2,9) Ед/мл, ИЛ‑6–1,5 (1,0; 3,1) против 1,6 (1,0; 3,5) пг/мл, ТМАО — 1023,9 (712,7; 1284,7) против 896,9 (731,0; 1061,1) пг/мл, кфСПВ — 8,4 (7,1; 9,5) против 8,2 ± 1,1 м/с, СЛСИ — 8,0 ± 1,1 против 8,2 ± 1,1; как и при КРНТ: VO2peak — 86,0 (81,0; 92,7) % от должного против 86,0 (81,0; 91,5) % от должного, VE/VCO2peak — 28,7 ± 4,5 против 27,6 ± 4,8, дыхательный резерв — 54,7±10,0 % против 58,3 ± 8,1 %.Заключение. У пациентов в отдаленном периоде после госпитализации по поводу COVID‑19 не наблюдается изменений в структурно-функциональном состоянии сосудов и переносимости физических нагрузок при КРНТ по сравнению с пациентами, которые не были госпитализированы с COVID‑19.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Endothelial dysfunction is considered one of the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms of decreased exercise tolerance in patients after COVID‑19.Objective. To evaluate the structural and functional vascular changes and exercise tolerance in patients at the long-term follow-up after hospitalization for COVID‑19.Design and methods. Patients older than 18 years of age from the epidemiological ESSE-RF study were examined: COVID‑19 group (n = 31) — patients hospitalized due to COVID‑19; control group (n = 31) — patients not hospitalized due to COVID‑19. Endothelial state was assessed by levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), interleukin 6 (IL‑6), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO); arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI); exercise tolerance was evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).Results. The patients were examined at 570 ± 179 days after hospitalization for COVID‑19. There were no differences in vascular parameters between the COVID‑19 group and the control group (p &gt; 0,05): vWF — 2,2 (0,5; 2,7) vs. 2,3 (1,0; 2,9) U/mL, IL‑6–1,5 (1,0; 3,1) vs. 1,6 (1,0; 3,5) pg/mL, TMAO — 1023,9 (712,7; 1284,7) vs. 896,9 (731,0; 1061,1) pg/mL, cfPWV — 8,4 (7,1; 9,5) vs. 8,2±1,1 m/s, CAVI — 8,0 ± 1,1 vs. 8,2 ± 1,1; as for the results of the CPET: VO2peak — 86,0 (81,0; 92,7) % predicted vs. 86,0 (81,0; 91,5) % predicted, VE/VCO2peak — 28,7 ± 4,5 vs. 27,6 ± 4,8, breathing reserve — 54,7 ± 10,0 % vs. 58,3 ± 8,1 %.Conclusion. Patients in the long-term period after hospitalization for COVID‑19 show no structural and functional changes or exercise tolerance issues in CPET compared with patients who were not hospitalized for COVID‑19.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ЭССЕ-РФ</kwd><kwd>артериальная жесткость</kwd><kwd>эндотелиальная функция</kwd><kwd>кардиореспираторное нагрузочное тестирование</kwd><kwd>СOVID‑19</kwd><kwd>фактор фон Виллебранда</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин 6</kwd><kwd>триметиламин-N-окс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ESSE-RF</kwd><kwd>arterial stiffness</kwd><kwd>endothelial function</kwd><kwd>cardiopulmonary exercise testing</kwd><kwd>COVID‑19</kwd><kwd>von Willebrand factor</kwd><kwd>interleukin 6</kwd><kwd>trimethylamine-N-oxide</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена инициативно за счет собственных средств ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the own funds of Almazov National Medical Research Centre</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV; WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID‑19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID‑19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102‑e107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV; WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID‑19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID‑19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102‑e107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):133–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022–00846–2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):133–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022–00846–2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ely EW, Brown LM, Fineberg HV. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Examining the Working Definition for Long Covid. Long Covid Defined. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(18):1746–1753. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb2408466</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ely EW, Brown LM, Fineberg HV. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Examining the Working Definition for Long Covid. Long Covid Defined. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(18):1746–1753. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb2408466</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators, Wulf Hanson S, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C, et al. Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID‑19 in 2020 and 2021. J Am Med Assoc. 2022;328(16):1604–1615. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.18931</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators, Wulf Hanson S, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C, et al. Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID‑19 in 2020 and 2021. J Am Med Assoc. 2022;328(16):1604–1615. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.18931</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su S, Zhao Y, Zeng N, Liu X, Zheng Y, Sun J, et al. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(10):4056–4069. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02171-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su S, Zhao Y, Zeng N, Liu X, Zheng Y, Sun J, et al. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of long COVID: an update. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(10):4056–4069. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02171-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gyöngyösi M, Alcaide P, Asselbergs FW, Brundel BJJM, Camici GG, Martins PDC, et al. Long COVID and the cardiovascular system-elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms in order to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119(2):336–356. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gyöngyösi M, Alcaide P, Asselbergs FW, Brundel BJJM, Camici GG, Martins PDC, et al. Long COVID and the cardiovascular system-elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms in order to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119(2):336–356. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zanoli L, Briet M, Empana JP, Cunha PG, Mäki-Petäjä KM, Protogerou AD, et al. Vascular consequences of inflammation: a position statement from the ESH Working Group on Vascular Structure and Function and the ARTERY Society. J Hypertens. 2020;38(9):1682–1698. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002508</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zanoli L, Briet M, Empana JP, Cunha PG, Mäki-Petäjä KM, Protogerou AD, et al. Vascular consequences of inflammation: a position statement from the ESH Working Group on Vascular Structure and Function and the ARTERY Society. J Hypertens. 2020;38(9):1682–1698. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002508</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Tahir P, Peluso MJ, Deeks SG, Aras MA, et al. Use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate long COVID‑19 symptoms in adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2236057. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Tahir P, Peluso MJ, Deeks SG, Aras MA, et al. Use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate long COVID‑19 symptoms in adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2236057. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tryfonos A, Pourhamidi K, Jörnåker G, Engvall M, Eriksson L, Elhallos S, et al. Functional limitations and exercise intolerance in patients with post-COVID condition: a randomized crossover clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(4):e244386. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4386</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tryfonos A, Pourhamidi K, Jörnåker G, Engvall M, Eriksson L, Elhallos S, et al. Functional limitations and exercise intolerance in patients with post-COVID condition: a randomized crossover clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(4):e244386. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4386</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guazzi M, Bandera F, Ozemek C, Systrom D, Arena R. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: what is its value? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(13):1618–1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guazzi M, Bandera F, Ozemek C, Systrom D, Arena R. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: what is its value? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(13):1618–1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлов А. В., Ротарь О. П., Бояринова М. А., Алиева А. С., Дудорова Е. А., Колесова Е. П. и др. Гендерные особенности распространенности поведенческих факторов риска у жителей Санкт-Петербурга. Вестник РАМН. 2015;70(5):585–91. https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v70.i5.1446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlov AV, Rotar’ OP, Boyarinova MA, Alieva AS, Dudorova EA, Kolesova EP, et al. Gender differences of behavioral risk factors in Saint-Petersburg inhabitants. Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk = Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2015;70(5):585–91. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v70.i5.1446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения РФ. Временные методические рекомендации. Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID‑19). Вер- сия 11 (07.05.2021). [Интернет]. Москва; Доступно по: https://static‑0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/055/735/original/B% D0 %9C%D0 %A0_COVID‑19.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Temporary methodological recommendations. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection (COVID‑19). Version 11 (07.05.2021). Moscow; (In Russ.). Available from: https://static‑0. minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/055/735/original/B%D0 %9C%D0 %A0_COVID‑19.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1–39.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1–39.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(7):685–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(7):685–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кобалава Ж. Д., Конради А. О., Недогода С. В., Шляхто Е. В., Арутюнов Г. П., Баранова Е. И. и др. Артериальная гипертензия у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации 2024. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2024;29(9):6117. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobalava ZhD, Konradi AO, Nedogoda SV, Shlyakhto EV, Arutyunov GP, Baranova EI, et al. 2024 Clinical practice guidelines for hypertension in adults. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2024;29(9):6117. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, Björck M, Brodmann M, Cohnert T, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Endorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763–816. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, Björck M, Brodmann M, Cohnert T, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Endorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763–816. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bäck M, Topouchian J, Labat C, Gautier S, Blacher J,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cwynar M, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index for predicting cardiovascular morbimortality and determinants for its progression in the prospective advanced approach to arterial stiffness (TRIPLEA-Stiffness) study. EBioMedicine. 2024;103:105107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu X, Xiang M, Jing H, Wang C, Novakovic VA, Shi J. Damage to endothelial barriers and its contribution to long COVID. Angiogenesis. 2024;27(1):5–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-023-09878-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu X, Xiang M, Jing H, Wang C, Novakovic VA, Shi J. Damage to endothelial barriers and its contribution to long COVID. Angiogenesis. 2024;27(1):5–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-023-09878-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsushita K, Marchandot B, Jesel L, Ohlmann P, Morel O. Impact of COVID‑19 on the cardiovascular system: a review. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051407</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsushita K, Marchandot B, Jesel L, Ohlmann P, Morel O. Impact of COVID‑19 on the cardiovascular system: a review. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051407</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jannasz I, Pruc M, Rahnama-Hezavah M, Targowski T, Olszewski R, Feduniw S, et al. The impact of COVID‑19 on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(17):5747. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175747</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jannasz I, Pruc M, Rahnama-Hezavah M, Targowski T, Olszewski R, Feduniw S, et al. The impact of COVID‑19 on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(17):5747. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175747</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aljadah M, Khan N, Beyer AM, Chen Y, Blanker A, Widlansky ME. Clinical implications of COVID‑19‑related endothelial dysfunction. JACC Adv. 2024;3(8):101070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101070</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aljadah M, Khan N, Beyer AM, Chen Y, Blanker A, Widlansky ME. Clinical implications of COVID‑19‑related endothelial dysfunction. JACC Adv. 2024;3(8):101070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zanoli L, Gaudio A, Mikhailidis DP, Katsiki N, Castellino N, Lo Cicero L, et al. Vascular dysfunction of COVID‑19 is partially reverted in the long-term. Circ Res. 2022;130(9):1276–1285. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.320460</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zanoli L, Gaudio A, Mikhailidis DP, Katsiki N, Castellino N, Lo Cicero L, et al. Vascular dysfunction of COVID‑19 is partially reverted in the long-term. Circ Res. 2022;130(9):1276–1285. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.320460</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ambrosino P, Parrella P, Formisano R, Perrotta G, D’Anna SE, Mosella M, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise performance and endothelial function in convalescent COVID‑19 patients. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051452</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ambrosino P, Parrella P, Formisano R, Perrotta G, D’Anna SE, Mosella M, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise performance and endothelial function in convalescent COVID‑19 patients. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051452</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Thoracic Society; American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(2):211–277. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.167.2.211 Ingul CB, Edvardsen A, Follestad T, Trebinjac D, Ankerstjerne OAW, Brønstad E, et al. Changes in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3–12 months after COVID‑19. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(2):2200745. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00745–2022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Thoracic Society; American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(2):211–277. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.167.2.211 Ingul CB, Edvardsen A, Follestad T, Trebinjac D, Ankerstjerne OAW, Brønstad E, et al. Changes in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3–12 months after COVID‑19. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(2):2200745. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00745–2022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
