<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">arthyper</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Артериальная гипертензия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-419X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-8524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Antihypertensive League</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18705/1607-419X-2025-2548</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">BRUYGP</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">arthyper-2548</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение визуальных МР-шкал у пациентов с когнитивными нарушениями в остром периоде ишемического инсульта лакунарного и кардиоэмболического подтипов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Visual MR-scales in patients with cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke of lacunar and cardioembolic subtypes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7336-3860</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>К. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>K. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шубина Кристина Максимовна — аспирант кафедры неврологии с клиникой Института медицинского образования,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina M. Shubina, MD, PhD student, Department of Neurology with Clinic, Institute of Medical Education, </p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krisschubina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0381-2696</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Резаева</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rezaeva</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резаева Ксения Александровна—студентка 6‑го курса Института медицинского образования,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kseniya A. Rezaeva, Student, Institute of Medical Education, </p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksusha.rezayeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-907X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воробьев Сергей Владимирович — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, главный научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории неврологии и нейрореабилитации, профессор кафедры неврологии с клиникой Института медицинского образования,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergej V. Vorobyov, MD, PhD, DSc in Medicine, Associate Professor, Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Professor, Department of Neurology with Clinic, Institute of Medical Education, </p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergiognezdo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-286X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янишевский</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yanishevskiy</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Янишевский Станислав Николаевич — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий научно-исследовательской лабораторией неврологии и нейрореабилитации, профессор кафедры неврологии с клиникой Института медицинского образования,</p><p>ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, 197341.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav N. Yanishevskiy, MD, PhD, DSc in Medicine, Associate Professor, Head, Laboratory of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Professor, Department of Neurology with Clinic, Institute of Medical Education, </p><p>2, Akkuratov str., St. Petersburg, 197341.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yanishevskiy_sn@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-3429</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондаренко</surname><given-names>К. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondarenko</surname><given-names>K. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бондаренко Константин Дмитриевич — клинический ординатор кафедры неврологии с клиникой Института медицинского образования,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin D. Bondarenko, MD, Clinical Resident, Department of Neurology with Clinic, Institute of Medical Education, </p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konstantin2000.09.05@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1649-4056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вертьянова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vert`yanova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вертьянова Анастасия Николаевна — клинический ординатор кафедры неврологии с клиникой Института медицинского образования,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya N. Vert’yanova, MD, Clinical Resident, Department of Neurology with Clinic, Institute of Medical Education, </p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avherbary@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre; Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>416</fpage><lpage>427</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шубина К.М., Резаева К.А., Воробьев С.В., Янишевский С.Н., Бондаренко К.Д., Вертьянова А.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шубина К.М., Резаева К.А., Воробьев С.В., Янишевский С.Н., Бондаренко К.Д., Вертьянова А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shubina K.M., Rezaeva K.A., Vorobev S.V., Yanishevskiy S.N., Bondarenko K.D., Vert`yanova A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/2548">https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/2548</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Когнитивные нарушения в остром периоде ишемического инсульта оказывают негативное влияние на возможности адаптации и качество жизни пациентов. Они могут формироваться в результате острого ишемического повреждения ткани мозга, затрагивающего стратегические для когнитивных функций зоны, но могут возникать и до развития инсульта. В данном случае наиболее частыми патогенетическими вариантами нарушений высших мозговых функций являются хроническая цереброваскулярная патология и нейродегенеративный процесс. Их сочетание рассматривается в рамках концепции смешанных когнитивных нарушений. В рутинной практике при инсультах свое прочное место в качестве диагностического метода заняла магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ). Для оптимизации оценки изменений вещества головного мозга разработан ряд так называемых визуальных полуколичественных МР-шкал. Цель исследования — сравнительный анализ изменений белого и серого вещества головного мозга у пациентов с лакунарным и кардиоэмболическим инсультом с помощью визуальных МР-шкал и сопоставление полученных данных с результатами нейропсихологического обследования. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 42 больных с кардиоэмболическим и 52 больных с лакунарным инсультом. Всем выполнена оценка изменений белого и серого вещества с помощью 6 визуальных МР-шкал. Также проведено комплексное нейропсихологическое обследование. Проведен корреляционный анализ результатов изменения вещества головного мозга и данных о нарушениях когнитивных функций. Результаты. Установлено, что для пациентов как с лакунарным, так и с кардиоэмболическим подтипами инсульта наиболее характерной является умеренная степень поражения белого вещества. При этом в случае развития кардиоэмболического инсульта отмечается тенденция к увеличению тяжести его изменений. При оценке серого вещества определено, что при лакунарном инсульте преобладают незначительные и умеренные нарушения. В то же время для развития кардиоэмболического инсульта характерна умеренная и грубая атрофия, что отражается в результатах шкал Koedam (0,000004) и атрофии медиальных отделов височной доли (0,000002). Однако изменения, найденные в соответствии со шкалой глобальной кортикальной атрофии в этих группах больных, не были статистически значимы (0,902). Проведение нейропсихологического обследования продемонстрировало, что как при лакунарном, так и при кардиоэмболическом инсульте преобладают легкие (44,2 % и 16,7 % соответственно) и умеренные (46,2 % и 59,5 % соответственно) когнитивные нарушения. Деменция встречается значительно реже. Корреляционный анализ позволил установить ряд связей между изменениями серого и белого вещества и результатами выполнения нейропсихологических тестов, что отражает взаимосвязь структурного поражения головного мозга и особенностей клинической картины наблюдаемых когнитивных нарушений. Заключение. Для кардиоэмболического и лакунарного инсультов характерно диффузное поражение белого вещества головного мозга умеренной степени выраженности. Наиболее информативными для их обнаружения являются шкалы Wahlund и Scheltens. Наибольшая степень поражения серого вещества зафиксирована в лобных долях, а также в медиобазальных отделах височных долей и теменных долях при кардиоэмболическом инсульте и инфратенториально и в области базальных ганглиев при лакунарном инсульте. При оценке когнитивного статуса установлено, что для обоих рассмотренных подтипов инсульта характерно развитие легких и умеренных нарушений, деменция наблюдается только в отдельных случаях. Развитие нарушений высших мозговых функций коррелирует с топической локализацией и степенью поражения белого и серого вещества головного мозга, что отражает их нейроанатомические особенности формирования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke has a negative impact on patients’ adaptability and quality life. They can result from acute ischemic brain damage affecting areas responsible for cognitive functions, or they can precede stroke. In the latter case, chronic cerebrovascular pathology and neurodegenerative process are the most common clinical variants. Their combination is considered within the concept of mixed cognitive impairment. In routine practice, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role, and visual semi-quantitative MR scales have been developed for the assessment of brain damage. Objective. To assess changes in white and gray matter in patients with lacunar and cardioembolic stroke using visual MR scales and to compare these data with the results of neuropsychological examination. Design and methods. We included 42 patients with cardioembolic and 52 patients with lacunar stroke and assessed changes in white and gray matter using 6 visual MR scales. A comprehensive neuropsychological examination was also performed. A correlation analysis was applied to assess the associations between the results of MR scales and impaired cognitive functions. Results. Patients with both lacunar and cardioembolic stroke subtypes, were characterized by a moderate degree of white matter damage. At the same time, patients with cardioembolic stroke tend to have more severe changes. In lacunar stroke, minor and moderate changes in gray predominate, while cardioembolic stroke is characterized by moderate and severe atrophy, which is reflected by the Koedam scales (0,000004) and atrophy of medial temporal lobe (0,000002). However, the results of the global cortical atrophy scale did not differ in these groups (0,902). Neuropsychological examination demonstrated that mild (44,2 % and 16,7 %, respectively) and moderate (46,2 % and 59,5 %, respectively) cognitive impairment predominates in both lacunar and cardioembolic stroke, and dementia is less common. Correlation analysis showed reliable links between structural brain damage and clinical features of cognitive impairment. Conclusion. Cardioembolic and lacunar strokes are characterized by moderate diffuse damage of white matter. The Wahlund and Scheltens scales are the most efficient for their detection. The greatest of degree gray matter damage was recorded in frontal lobes, in mediobasal regions of temporal lobes and parietal lobes in cardioembolic stroke and infratentorially and in basal ganglia in lacunar stroke. Both stroke subtypes are characterized by mild and moderate cognitive disorders, and dementia is registered only in isolated cases. The development of cognitive impairment correlates with topography and degree of white and gray matter damage.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Лакунарный инсульт</kwd><kwd>кардиоэмболический инсульт</kwd><kwd>МР-шкалы</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd><kwd>умеренные когнитивные расстройства.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lacunar stroke</kwd><kwd>cardioembolic stroke</kwd><kwd>MR-scales</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd><kwd>moderate cognitive disorders</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 124021600050-1.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the State Task No. 124021600050-1.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):795–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):795–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнатьева В. И., Вознюк И. А., Шамалов Н. А., Резник А. В., Виницкий А. А., Деркач Е. В. Социально-экономическое бремя инсульта в Российской Федерации. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуск. 2023;123(8–2):5–15. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20231230825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignatyeva VI, Voznyuk IA, Shamalov NA, Reznik AV, Vinitskiy AA, Derkach EV. Social and economic burden of stroke in Russian Federation. S. S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology. Special edition. 2023;123(8–2):5–15. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20231230825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Максимова М. Ю., Гулевская Т. С. Лакунарный ин сульт. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуск. 2019;119(8–2):13–27. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201911908213</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimova MYu, Gulevskaia TS. Lacunar stroke. S. S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. Special edition. 2019;119(8–2):13–27. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201911908213</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Díaz Guzmán J. Ictus cardioembólico: epidemiología [Cardioembolic stroke: epidemiology]. Neurologia. 2012;27(1):4–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-4853(12)70002-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Díaz Guzmán J. Ictus cardioembólico: epidemiología [Cardioembolic stroke: epidemiology]. Neurologia. 2012;27(1):4–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-4853(12)70002-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Литвиненко И. В., Емелин А. Ю., Лобзин В. Ю., Колмакова К. А. Нейровизуализационные методы диагностики болезни Альцгеймера и цереброваскулярных заболеваний, сопровождающихся когнитивными нарушениями. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2019;11(3):18–25. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-3S-18-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinenko IV, Emelin AYu, Lobzin VYu, Kolmakova KA. Neuroimaging techniques for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular diseases with cognitive impairment. Nevrologiya, Neiropsikhiatriya, Psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2019;11(3):18–25. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-3S-18–25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лясковик А. А., Коновалов Р. Н., Федотова Е. Ю., Кротенкова М. В. МРТ-диагностика болезни Альцгеймера. Нервные болезни. 2023;3:14–19. https://doi.org/10.24412/2226-0757-2023-13002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyaskovik AA, Konovalov RN, Fedotova EYu, Krotenkova MV. Diagnostics of Alzheimer’s disease using magnetic resonance imaging. Nervous diseases. 2023;3:14–19. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2226-0757-2023-13002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton EJ, Barber R, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Robson J, Perry RH, Jaros E, et al. Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI differentiates Alzheimer’s disease from dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular cognitive impairment: a prospective study with pathological verification of diagnosis. Brain. 2009;132(1):195–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton EJ, Barber R, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Robson J, Perry RH, Jaros E, et al. Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI differentiates Alzheimer’s disease from dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular cognitive impairment: a prospective study with pathological verification of diagnosis. Brain. 2009;132(1):195–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn298</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaushik S, Vani K, Chumber S, Anand KS, Dhamija RK. Evaluation of MR visual rating scales in major forms of dementia. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2021;12(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716806</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaushik S, Vani K, Chumber S, Anand KS, Dhamija RK. Evaluation of MR visual rating scales in major forms of dementia. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2021;12(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716806</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staekenborg SS, Koedam EL, Henneman WJ, Stokman P, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. Progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: contribution of cerebrovascular disease compared with medial temporal lobe atrophy. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1269–1274. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531343</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staekenborg SS, Koedam EL, Henneman WJ, Stokman P, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. Progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: contribution of cerebrovascular disease compared with medial temporal lobe atrophy. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1269–1274. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531343</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hobden G, Colbourne E, Pendlebury ST, Demeyere N. Reliability of the global cortical atrophy visual rating scale applied to computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging scans in acute stroke. Neurol Sci. 2024;45(4):1549–1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-07113-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hobden G, Colbourne E, Pendlebury ST, Demeyere N. Reliability of the global cortical atrophy visual rating scale applied to computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging scans in acute stroke. Neurol Sci. 2024;45(4):1549–1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-07113-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mele F, Cova I, Nicotra A, Maestri G, Salvadori E, Cucumo V, Masserini F, et al. Prestroke cognitive impairment: frequency and association with premorbid neuropsychiatric, functional, and neuroimaging features. Stroke. 2024;55(7):1869–1876. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.045344</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mele F, Cova I, Nicotra A, Maestri G, Salvadori E, Cucumo V, Masserini F, et al. Prestroke cognitive impairment: frequency and association with premorbid neuropsychiatric, functional, and neuroimaging features. Stroke. 2024;55(7):1869–1876. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.045344</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Общероссийская общественная организация «Российская ассоциация геронтологов и гериатров», Общественная организация «Российское общество психиатров», Всероссийское общество неврологов. Когнитивные расстройства у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста. Клинические рекомендации. 2024:170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">All-Russian public organization “Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians”, Public organization “Russian Society of Psychiatrists”, All-Russian Society of Neurologists. Cognitive disorders in the elderly and senile patients. Clinical recommendations. 2024:170. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Payer F, et al. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1683–1689. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.9.1683</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Payer F, et al. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1683–1689. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.9.1683</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Leys D, Pruvo JP, Nauta JJ, Vermersch P, et al. A semiquantitative rating scale for the assessment of signal hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci. 1993;114(1):7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(93)90041-v</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Leys D, Pruvo JP, Nauta JJ, Vermersch P, et al. A semiquantitative rating scale for the assessment of signal hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci. 1993;114(1):7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(93)90041-v</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wahlund LO, Barkhof F, Fazekas F, Bronge L, Augustin M, Sjögren M, et al. European Task Force on age-related white matter changes. A new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT. Stroke. 2001;32(6):1318–1322. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.32.6.1318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wahlund LO, Barkhof F, Fazekas F, Bronge L, Augustin M, Sjögren M, et al. European Task Force on age-related white matter changes. A new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT. Stroke. 2001;32(6):1318–1322. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.32.6.1318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pasquier F, Leys D, Weerts JG, Mounier-Vehier F, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility of cerebral atrophy assessment on MRI scans with hemispheric infarcts. Eur Neurol. 1997;36(5):268–272. https://doi.org/10.1159/000117270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pasquier F, Leys D, Weerts JG, Mounier-Vehier F, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility of cerebral atrophy assessment on MRI scans with hemispheric infarcts. Eur Neurol. 1997;36(5):268–272. https://doi.org/10.1159/000117270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheltens P, Launer LJ, Barkhof F, Weinstein HC, van Gool WA. Visual assessment of medial temporal lobe atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging: interobserver reliability. J Neurol. 1995;242(9):557–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00868807</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheltens P, Launer LJ, Barkhof F, Weinstein HC, van Gool WA. Visual assessment of medial temporal lobe atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging: interobserver reliability. J Neurol. 1995;242(9):557–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00868807</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koedam EL, Lehmann M, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Pijnenburg YA, Fox N, et al. Visual assessment of posterior atrophy development of a MRI rating scale. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(12):2618– 2625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-011-2205-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koedam EL, Lehmann M, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Pijnenburg YA, Fox N, et al. Visual assessment of posterior atrophy development of a MRI rating scale. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(12):2618– 2625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-011-2205-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer’s dementia and normal aging. AJR. Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149(2):351–356. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.149.2.351</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer’s dementia and normal aging. AJR. Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149(2):351–356. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.149.2.351</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курбанова М. М., Галаева А. А., Стефановская Е. В., Суворкина А. А., Алиханов Н. М. Современные методы диагностики когнитивных нарушений. Российский семейный врач. 2020;24(1):35–44. https://doi.org/10.17816/RFD18986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurbanova MM, Galayeva AA, Stefanovskaya YeV, Suvorkina AA, Alikhanov NM. Modern methods for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Russian Family Doctor. 2020;24(1):35–44. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/RFD18986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The FAB: a frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1621– 1626. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.11.1621</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The FAB: a frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1621– 1626. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.11.1621</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishiwaki Y, Breeze E, Smeeth L, Bulpitt CJ, Peters R, Fletcher AE. Validity of the Clock-Drawing Test as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(8):797–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh288</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishiwaki Y, Breeze E, Smeeth L, Bulpitt CJ, Peters R, Fletcher AE. Validity of the Clock-Drawing Test as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(8):797–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh288</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mormont E, Jamart J, Robaye L. Validity of the five-word test for the evaluation of verbal episodic memory and dementia in a memory clinic setting. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2012;25(2):78–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988712445088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mormont E, Jamart J, Robaye L. Validity of the five-word test for the evaluation of verbal episodic memory and dementia in a memory clinic setting. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2012;25(2):78–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988712445088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borkowski JG, Benton AL, Spreen O. Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia. 1967;5(2):135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(67)90015-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borkowski JG, Benton AL, Spreen O. Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia. 1967;5(2):135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(67)90015-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monsch AU, Bondi MW, Salmon DP, Butters N, Thal LJ, Hansen LA, et al. Clinical validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in detecting dementia of the Alzheimer type. A double cross-validation and application to a community-dwelling sample. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(9):899–904. https://doi.org/10.1001/arch-neur.1995.00540330081018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monsch AU, Bondi MW, Salmon DP, Butters N, Thal LJ, Hansen LA, et al. Clinical validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in detecting dementia of the Alzheimer type. A double cross-validation and application to a community-dwelling sample. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(9):899–904. https://doi.org/10.1001/arch-neur.1995.00540330081018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wechsler D. A Standardized Memory Scale for clinical use. J Psychol. 1945;19(1):87–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1945.9917223</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wechsler D. A Standardized Memory Scale for clinical use. J Psychol. 1945;19(1):87–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1945.9917223</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams JB. A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(8):742– 747. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320058007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams JB. A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(8):742– 747. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320058007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiely KM, Butterworth P, Watson N, Wooden M. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test: normative data from a large nationally representative sample of Australians. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2014;29(8):767–775. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiely KM, Butterworth P, Watson N, Wooden M. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test: normative data from a large nationally representative sample of Australians. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2014;29(8):767–775. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Блейхер В. М., Крук И. В., Боков С. Н. Клиническая патопсихология. Москва–Воронеж: Издательство НПО «МОДЭК», 2002. 512 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blejxer VM, Kruk IV, Bokov SN. Clinical pathopsychology. Moscow–Voronezh: Publishing House NPO MODEK, 2002. 512 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept. Mot. Skills. 1958;8:271–276. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept. Mot. Skills. 1958;8:271–276. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Lucas JA, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E, Petersen RC. Free and cued selective reminding test: MOANS norms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997;19(5):676–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639708403753</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Lucas JA, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E, Petersen RC. Free and cued selective reminding test: MOANS norms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997;19(5):676–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639708403753</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longstreth WT Jr, Manolio TA, Arnold A, Burke GL, Bryan N, Jungreis CA, et al. Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1996;27(8):1274– 1282. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.27.8.1274</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longstreth WT Jr, Manolio TA, Arnold A, Burke GL, Bryan N, Jungreis CA, et al. Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1996;27(8):1274– 1282. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.27.8.1274</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Groot JC, De Leeuw FE, Oudkerk M, Van Gijn J, Hofman A, Jolles J, et al. Periventricular cerebral white matter lesions predict rate of cognitive decline. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(3):335–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10294</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Groot JC, De Leeuw FE, Oudkerk M, Van Gijn J, Hofman A, Jolles J, et al. Periventricular cerebral white matter lesions predict rate of cognitive decline. Ann Neurol. 2002;52(3):335–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10294</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berdalin AB, Nikogosova AK, Gubskiy IL, Kovrazhkina EA, Gubskiy LV, Lelyuk VG. Brain changes in the white matter of the brain white matter changes and cognitive functions in asymptomatic patients. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020;169(5):630–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-04942-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berdalin AB, Nikogosova AK, Gubskiy IL, Kovrazhkina EA, Gubskiy LV, Lelyuk VG. Brain changes in the white matter of the brain white matter changes and cognitive functions in asymptomatic patients. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020;169(5):630–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-04942-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
