arthyperАртериальная гипертензия"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")1607-419X2411-8524Antihypertensive League10.18705/1607-419X-2017-23-4-275-281arthyper-658Research ArticleЛЕКЦИЯLECTUREДЕФИЦИТ ВИТАМИНА D И АРТЕРИАЛЬНАЯ ГИПЕРТЕНЗИЯ: ЧТО ОБЩЕГО?VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION: WHAT IS IN COMMON?КароноваТ. Л.KaronovaT. L.

Каронова Татьяна Леонидовна — доктор медицинских наук, заведующая научно-исследовательской лабораторией клинической эндокринологии Института эндокринологии ФБГУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, профессор кафедры внутренней медицины ГБОУ ВПО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России.

ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Россия, 197341. 

Tatiana L. Karonova, MD, PhD, Head, Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, the First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg.

2 Akkuratov street, St Petersburg, 197341.

karonova@mail.ruАндрееваА. Т.AndreevaA. T.

Андреева Алена Тимуровна — аспирантка ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России.

Санкт-Петербург.

Alena T. Andreeva, MD, Postgraduate Student, Almazov National Medical Research Centre.

 

ЗлотниковаЕ. К.ZlotnikovaE. K.

Злотникова Елена Константиновна — студентка ГБОУ ВПО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России.

Санкт-Петербург.

Elena K. Zlotnikova, Student, the First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg.

ГриневаЕ. Н.GrinevaE. N.

Гринева Елена Николаевна — доктор медицинских наук, директор Института эндокринологии ФБГУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, профессор кафедры внутренней медицины ГБОУ ВПО ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова Минздрава России.

Санкт-Петербург.

Elena N. Grineva, MD, PhD, Director, Endocrinology Institute, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, the First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg.

Федеральное государственное бюджетное  учреждение «Национальный медицинский  исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова»  Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное  образовательное учреждение высшего  образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский  государственный медицинский университет  имени академика И. П. Павлова» Министерства  здравоохранения Российской Федерации.РоссияAlmazov National Medical Research Centre; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg.Russian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное  учреждение «Национальный медицинский  исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова»  Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.РоссияAlmazov National Medical Research Centre.Russian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное  образовательное учреждение высшего  образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский  государственный медицинский университет  имени академика И. П. Павлова» Министерства  здравоохранения Российской Федерации.РоссияFirst Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg.Russian Federation201728092017234275281Copyright © Каронова Т.Л., Андреева А.Т., Злотникова Е.К., Гринева Е.Н., 20172017Каронова Т.Л., Андреева А.Т., Злотникова Е.К., Гринева Е.Н.Karonova T.L., Andreeva A.T., Zlotnikova E.K., Grineva E.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://htn.almazovcentre.ru/jour/article/view/658

Настоящий обзор посвящен оценке современных представлений о взаимосвязях между дефицитом витамина D и артериальной гипертензией (АГ) и включает в себя результаты оригинальных отечественных и зарубежных исследований, проспективных наблюдений, а также данных метаанализов. В работе представлены возможные механизмы развития кардиоваскулярной патологии в условиях дефицита витамина D и носительства различных полиморфизмов гена рецептора витамина D. Отдельно проанализированы данные о влиянии терапии препаратами витамина D на уровень артериального давления и риск развития АГ. Информация, представленная в данном обзоре, позволит расширить представление о патогенетических механизмах развития АГ и будет интересна специалистам широкого профиля.

This review includes the results of the original prospective studies and meta-analyses focusing on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and arterial hypertension (HTN). We discuss potential mechanisms of HTN development in vitamin D deficiency subjects and the associations between high blood pressure and VDR gene polymorphisms. The vitamin D treatment impact on blood pressure was demonstrated. The data provided could widen the knowledge related to different pathogenetic mechanisms of HTN and would be of interest to different specialists.

дефицит витамина Dартериальная гипертензия25(ОН)DReferencesHolick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(3):353–73.Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(3):353–73.Пигарова Е. А., Рожинская Л. Я., Белая Ж. Е., Дзеранова Л. К., Каронова Т. Л., Ильин А. В. и др. Клинические рекомендации российской ассоциации эндокринологов по диагностике, лечению и профилактике дефицита витамина D у взрослых. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2016;62(4):60–84. [Pigarova EA, Rozhinskaya LY, Belaya ZE, Dzeranova LK, Karonova TL, Ilyin AV et al. Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problemy Endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology. 2016;62(4):60–84. In Russian].Пигарова Е. А., Рожинская Л. Я., Белая Ж. Е., Дзеранова Л. К., Каронова Т. Л., Ильин А. В. и др. Клинические рекомендации российской ассоциации эндокринологов по диагностике, лечению и профилактике дефицита витамина D у взрослых. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2016;62(4):60–84. [Pigarova EA, Rozhinskaya LY, Belaya ZE, Dzeranova LK, Karonova TL, Ilyin AV et al. Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problemy Endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology. 2016;62(4):60–84. In Russian].Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieberet TR. Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2009;6(10):621–30. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.135.Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieberet TR. Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2009;6(10):621–30. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.135.Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49 (5):1063–9.Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49 (5):1063–9.Forman JP, Curhan GC, Taylor EN. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):828–32. doi:10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.117630Forman JP, Curhan GC, Taylor EN. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):828–32. doi:10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.117630Porrecca E, Di Febbo C, Fusco L, Moretta V, Di Nisio M, Cuccurullo F. Solube thrombomodulin and vascular adhesion molecule-1 are associeted to leptin plasma levels in obese women. Atherossclerosis. 2004;172(1):175–80.Porrecca E, Di Febbo C, Fusco L, Moretta V, Di Nisio M, Cuccurullo F. Solube thrombomodulin and vascular adhesion molecule-1 are associeted to leptin plasma levels in obese women. Atherossclerosis. 2004;172(1):175–80.Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(5):307–14. doi:10.7326/0003–4819– 152–5-201003020–00009Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(5):307–14. doi:10.7326/0003–4819– 152–5-201003020–00009Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucer BJ, Wareham NJ. Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990–2000. Diabetes. 2008;57 (10):2619–25. doi:10.2337/db08–0593Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucer BJ, Wareham NJ. Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990–2000. Diabetes. 2008;57 (10):2619–25. doi:10.2337/db08–0593Jorde R, Figenschau Y, Emaus N, Hutchinson M, Grimnes G. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are strongly related to systolic blood pressure but not predict futurehypertension. Hypertension. 2010;55(3):792–8. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109. 143990Jorde R, Figenschau Y, Emaus N, Hutchinson M, Grimnes G. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are strongly related to systolic blood pressure but not predict futurehypertension. Hypertension. 2010;55(3):792–8. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109. 143990Merke J, Hofmann W, Goldschmidt D, Ritz E. Demonstration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 receptors and actions in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987;41(2):112–4.Merke J, Hofmann W, Goldschmidt D, Ritz E. Demonstration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 receptors and actions in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987;41(2):112–4.Somjen D, Weisman Y, Kohen F, Gayer B, Limor R, Sharon O et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3–1-alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation. 2005;111(13):1666–71.Somjen D, Weisman Y, Kohen F, Gayer B, Limor R, Sharon O et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3–1-alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation. 2005;111(13):1666–71.Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503–11. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503–11. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127Motiwala SR, Wang TJ. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol. Hypertens. 2011;20(4):345–53. doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283474985Motiwala SR, Wang TJ. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol. Hypertens. 2011;20(4):345–53. doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283474985Abu el Maaty MA, Gad MZ. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease: potential mechanisms and novel perspectives. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013;59(6):479–88.Abu el Maaty MA, Gad MZ. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease: potential mechanisms and novel perspectives. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013;59(6):479–88.Rigby WF, Denome S, Fanger MW. Regulation of lymphokine production and human T lymphocyte activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: specific inhibition at the level of messenger RNA. J Clin Invest. 1987;79(6):1659–64.Rigby WF, Denome S, Fanger MW. Regulation of lymphokine production and human T lymphocyte activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: specific inhibition at the level of messenger RNA. J Clin Invest. 1987;79(6):1659–64.O’Connell TD, Berry JE, Jarvis AK, Somerman MJ, Simpson RU. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Am J Physiol. 1997;272 (4 Pt 2): H1751–8.O’Connell TD, Berry JE, Jarvis AK, Somerman MJ, Simpson RU. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Am J Physiol. 1997;272 (4 Pt 2): H1751–8.Li YC, Kong J, Wei MJ, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) is a negative endocrine regulator of renin-angiotensin system. Clin Invest. 2002;110(2):229–38.Li YC, Kong J, Wei MJ, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) is a negative endocrine regulator of renin-angiotensin system. Clin Invest. 2002;110(2):229–38.Schmieder RE, Hilgers KF, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BM. Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk. Lancet. 2007; 369(9568):1208–19.Schmieder RE, Hilgers KF, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BM. Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk. Lancet. 2007; 369(9568):1208–19.Асташкин Е. И., Глезер М. Г. Новые данные о функционировании ренин-ангиотензиновой системы: роль внутриклеточной (интракринной) системы. Проблемы женского здоровья. 2012;7(4):47–54. [Astashkin EI, Gleser MG. Modern ideas about the function of the renin-angiotensin system: the properties of the intracellular (intracrine) system. Problemy Zhenskogo Zdorovya = Problems of Women Health. 2012;7(4):47–54. In Russian].Асташкин Е. И., Глезер М. Г. Новые данные о функционировании ренин-ангиотензиновой системы: роль внутриклеточной (интракринной) системы. Проблемы женского здоровья. 2012;7(4):47–54. [Astashkin EI, Gleser MG. Modern ideas about the function of the renin-angiotensin system: the properties of the intracellular (intracrine) system. Problemy Zhenskogo Zdorovya = Problems of Women Health. 2012;7(4):47–54. In Russian].Баженова Е. А., Беляева О. Д., Березина А. В., Каронова Т. Л., Колодина Д. А., Бровин Д. Л. и др. Ренин-ангиотензинальдостероновая система у больных абдоминальным ожирением и артериальной гипертензией. Артериальная гипертензия. 2013;19(5):389–96. [Bazhenova EA, Belyaeva OD, Berezina AV, Karonova TL, Kolodina DA, Brovin DL et al. Renin-angiotensinaldolterone system in abdominal obese and hypertensive patients. Arterial’naya Gipertenziya = Arterial Hypertension. 2013;19 (5):389–96. In Russian].Баженова Е. А., Беляева О. Д., Березина А. В., Каронова Т. Л., Колодина Д. А., Бровин Д. Л. и др. Ренин-ангиотензинальдостероновая система у больных абдоминальным ожирением и артериальной гипертензией. Артериальная гипертензия. 2013;19(5):389–96. [Bazhenova EA, Belyaeva OD, Berezina AV, Karonova TL, Kolodina DA, Brovin DL et al. Renin-angiotensinaldolterone system in abdominal obese and hypertensive patients. Arterial’naya Gipertenziya = Arterial Hypertension. 2013;19 (5):389–96. In Russian].Bugress ED, Hawkins RG, Vatanabe M. Interaction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and plasma renin activity in high renin essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3(12 Pt 1):903–5.Bugress ED, Hawkins RG, Vatanabe M. Interaction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and plasma renin activity in high renin essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3(12 Pt 1):903–5.Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S, Cao LP, Qiao G, Zheng W et al. Cardiac hypertrophy n vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288(1): E125–32.Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S, Cao LP, Qiao G, Zheng W et al. Cardiac hypertrophy n vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288(1): E125–32.Kong J, Qiao G, Zhang Z, Liu SQ, Li YC. Targeted vitamin D receptor expression in juxtaglomerular cells suppresses renin expression independent of parathyroid hormone and calcium. Kidney Int. 2008;74(12):1577–81. doi:10.1038/ki.2008.452Kong J, Qiao G, Zhang Z, Liu SQ, Li YC. Targeted vitamin D receptor expression in juxtaglomerular cells suppresses renin expression independent of parathyroid hormone and calcium. Kidney Int. 2008;74(12):1577–81. doi:10.1038/ki.2008.452Li YC, Qiao GL, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the reninangiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89–90(1–5):387–92.Li YC, Qiao GL, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the reninangiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89–90(1–5):387–92.Kristal-Bneh E, Froom P, Harari G, Ribak J. Association of calcitriol and blood pressure in normotensive men. Hypertension. 1997;30(5):1289–94.Kristal-Bneh E, Froom P, Harari G, Ribak J. Association of calcitriol and blood pressure in normotensive men. Hypertension. 1997;30(5):1289–94.Sowers M, Wallace R, Hollis B, Lemke JH. Relationship between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and blood pressure in a geographically defined population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48 (4):1053–6.Sowers M, Wallace R, Hollis B, Lemke JH. Relationship between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and blood pressure in a geographically defined population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48 (4):1053–6.Schluter KD, Piper HM. Trophic effects of catecholamines and parathyroid hormone on adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol. 1992;263(6 Pt 2): H1739–46.Schluter KD, Piper HM. Trophic effects of catecholamines and parathyroid hormone on adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol. 1992;263(6 Pt 2): H1739–46.Perkovic V, Hewitson TD, Kelynack KJ, Martic M, Tait MG, Becker GJ. Parathyroid hormone has a prosclerotic effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2003;26 (1):27–33.Perkovic V, Hewitson TD, Kelynack KJ, Martic M, Tait MG, Becker GJ. Parathyroid hormone has a prosclerotic effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2003;26 (1):27–33.Martin-Ventura JL, Ortego M, Esbrit P, HernándezPresa MA, Ortega L, Egido J. Possible role of parathyroid hormonerelated protein as a proinflammatory cytokine in atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2003;34(7):1783–9.Martin-Ventura JL, Ortego M, Esbrit P, HernándezPresa MA, Ortega L, Egido J. Possible role of parathyroid hormonerelated protein as a proinflammatory cytokine in atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2003;34(7):1783–9.Uitterlinden AG, Fang Y, Van Meurs JB, Pols HA, Van Leeuwen JP. Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene. 2004;338(2):143–56.Uitterlinden AG, Fang Y, Van Meurs JB, Pols HA, Van Leeuwen JP. Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene. 2004;338(2):143–56.Bid HK, Mishra DK, Mittal RD. Vitamin-D receptor (VDR) gene (Fok-I, Taq-I and Apa-I) polymorphisms in healthy individuals from north Indian population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005;6 (2):147–52.Bid HK, Mishra DK, Mittal RD. Vitamin-D receptor (VDR) gene (Fok-I, Taq-I and Apa-I) polymorphisms in healthy individuals from north Indian population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005;6 (2):147–52.Dilmec F, Uzer E, Akkafa F, Kose E, van Kuilenburg AB. Detection of VDR gene ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using PCR-RFLP method in a Turkish population. J Diabetes Complications. 2010;24(3):186–91. doi:10. 1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.12.002Dilmec F, Uzer E, Akkafa F, Kose E, van Kuilenburg AB. Detection of VDR gene ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using PCR-RFLP method in a Turkish population. J Diabetes Complications. 2010;24(3):186–91. doi:10. 1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.12.002Testa A, Mallamaci F, Benedetto FA, Pisano A, Tripepi G, Malatino L et al. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism is associated with left ventricular (LV) mass and predicts left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) progressionin end-storage renal disease (ESRD) patients. J Bone Mineral Res. 2010;25(2):313–9. doi:10.1359/jbmr.090717Testa A, Mallamaci F, Benedetto FA, Pisano A, Tripepi G, Malatino L et al. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism is associated with left ventricular (LV) mass and predicts left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) progressionin end-storage renal disease (ESRD) patients. J Bone Mineral Res. 2010;25(2):313–9. doi:10.1359/jbmr.090717El-Shebany EM, El-Khatib MM, Marzouk S, Battah AA. Relationship of BsmI polymorphism of Vitamin D receptor gene with left ventricular hypertrophy and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Scandinavian J of Clin And Lab Invest. 2013;73(1):75–81. doi:10.3109/00365513.2012.743163El-Shebany EM, El-Khatib MM, Marzouk S, Battah AA. Relationship of BsmI polymorphism of Vitamin D receptor gene with left ventricular hypertrophy and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. Scandinavian J of Clin And Lab Invest. 2013;73(1):75–81. doi:10.3109/00365513.2012.743163Santoro D, Gagliostro G, Alibrandi A, Ientile R, Bellinghieri G, Savica V et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1029–37. doi:10.3390/nu6031029Santoro D, Gagliostro G, Alibrandi A, Ientile R, Bellinghieri G, Savica V et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1029–37. doi:10.3390/nu6031029Solak Y, Covic A, Kanbay M. What do we know and do not know about vitamin D? A causal association between vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphism and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16(9):627–8. doi:10.1111/jch.12383Solak Y, Covic A, Kanbay M. What do we know and do not know about vitamin D? A causal association between vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphism and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16(9):627–8. doi:10.1111/jch.12383Muray S, Parisi E, Cardús A, Craver L, Fernández E. Influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D on blood pressure in apparently healthy subjects. J Hypertens. 2003;21(11):2069–75.Muray S, Parisi E, Cardús A, Craver L, Fernández E. Influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D on blood pressure in apparently healthy subjects. J Hypertens. 2003;21(11):2069–75.Swapna N, Vamsi UM, Usha G, Padma T. Risk conferred by FokI polymorphism of vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene for essential hypertension. Indian J Hum Genet. 2011;17(3):201–6. doi:10.4103/0971–6866.92104Swapna N, Vamsi UM, Usha G, Padma T. Risk conferred by FokI polymorphism of vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene for essential hypertension. Indian J Hum Genet. 2011;17(3):201–6. doi:10.4103/0971–6866.92104Lee BK, Lee GS, Stewart WF, Ahn KD, Simon D, Kelsey KT et al. Associations of blood pressure and hypertension with lead dose measures and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and deltaaminolevulinic acid dehydratase genes. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(4):383–9.Lee BK, Lee GS, Stewart WF, Ahn KD, Simon D, Kelsey KT et al. Associations of blood pressure and hypertension with lead dose measures and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and deltaaminolevulinic acid dehydratase genes. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(4):383–9.Kulah E, Dursun A, Acikgoz S, Can M, Kargi S, Ilikhan S et al. The relationship of target organ damage and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with vitamin D receptor gene Fok-I polymorphism in essential hypertension. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. 2006;29(6):344–50.Kulah E, Dursun A, Acikgoz S, Can M, Kargi S, Ilikhan S et al. The relationship of target organ damage and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with vitamin D receptor gene Fok-I polymorphism in essential hypertension. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. 2006;29(6):344–50.Wang L, Ma J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism, and risk of hypertension in men. European J of Nutrition. 2013;52 (7):1771–9. doi:10.1007/s00394– 012–0480–8Wang L, Ma J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism, and risk of hypertension in men. European J of Nutrition. 2013;52 (7):1771–9. doi:10.1007/s00394– 012–0480–8Andrukhova O, Slavic S, Zeitz U, Riesen SC, Heppelmann MS, Ambrisko TD et al. Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2014;28(1):53–64. doi:10.1210/me.2013–1252Andrukhova O, Slavic S, Zeitz U, Riesen SC, Heppelmann MS, Ambrisko TD et al. Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2014;28(1):53–64. doi:10.1210/me.2013–1252Каронова Т. Л, Баженова Е. А, Беляева О. Д, Березина А. В, Иванова Т. Г, Галкина О. В. и др. Роль дефицита витамина D в формировании артериальной гипертензии. Артериальная гипертензия. 2015;21(4):348–55. [Karonova TL, Bazhenova EA, Belyaeva OD, Berezina AE, Ivanova TG, Galkina OV et al. Role of vitamin D deficiency in hypertension development. Arterial’naya Gipertenziya = Arterial Hypertension. 2015;21 (4):348–55. In Russian].Каронова Т. Л, Баженова Е. А, Беляева О. Д, Березина А. В, Иванова Т. Г, Галкина О. В. и др. Роль дефицита витамина D в формировании артериальной гипертензии. Артериальная гипертензия. 2015;21(4):348–55. [Karonova TL, Bazhenova EA, Belyaeva OD, Berezina AE, Ivanova TG, Galkina OV et al. Role of vitamin D deficiency in hypertension development. Arterial’naya Gipertenziya = Arterial Hypertension. 2015;21 (4):348–55. In Russian].Жидулева Е. В., Иртюга О. Б., Муртазалиева П. М., Каронова Т. Л., Моисеева О. М. Биомаркеры костного метаболизма при аортальном стенозе: роль дефицита витамина D. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2016;11(139):54–9. doi:10.15829/1560–4071–2016–11–54–59. [Zhiduleva EV, Irtyuga OB, Murtazalieva PM, Karonova TL, Moiseeva OM. Bone metabolism markers in aortic stenosis and the role of vitamin D deficiency. Russian J Cardiol. 2016;11(139):54–59. doi:10.15829/1560–4071–2016–11–54–59. In Russian].Жидулева Е. В., Иртюга О. Б., Муртазалиева П. М., Каронова Т. Л., Моисеева О. М. Биомаркеры костного метаболизма при аортальном стенозе: роль дефицита витамина D. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2016;11(139):54–9. doi:10.15829/1560–4071–2016–11–54–59. [Zhiduleva EV, Irtyuga OB, Murtazalieva PM, Karonova TL, Moiseeva OM. Bone metabolism markers in aortic stenosis and the role of vitamin D deficiency. Russian J Cardiol. 2016;11(139):54–59. doi:10.15829/1560–4071–2016–11–54–59. In Russian].Каронова Т. Л. Метаболические и молекулярногенетические аспекты обмена витамина D и риск сердечнососудистых заболеваний у женщин: автореф. дис. … д-ра мед. наук: 14.01.05, 14.01.02. 2014;36. [Karonova TL. Metabolic and genetic aspects of vitamin D metabolism and riskof cardiovascular diseases in women. The posdoctoral thesis for doctoc of science degree: 14.01.05. 2014;36. In Russian].Каронова Т. Л. Метаболические и молекулярногенетические аспекты обмена витамина D и риск сердечнососудистых заболеваний у женщин: автореф. дис. … д-ра мед. наук: 14.01.05, 14.01.02. 2014;36. [Karonova TL. Metabolic and genetic aspects of vitamin D metabolism and riskof cardiovascular diseases in women. The posdoctoral thesis for doctoc of science degree: 14.01.05. 2014;36. In Russian].Gunta SS, Thadhani RI, Mak RH. The effect of vitamin D status on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2013;9(6):337–47. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.74Gunta SS, Thadhani RI, Mak RH. The effect of vitamin D status on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2013;9(6):337–47. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.74Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D (3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86 (4):1633–7.Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D (3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86 (4):1633–7.Scragg R, Slow S, Stewart AW, Jennings LC, Chambers ST, Priest PC et al. Long-term high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and blood pressure in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2014;64(4):725–30. doi:10.1161/HYPER- TENSIONAHA.114.03466Scragg R, Slow S, Stewart AW, Jennings LC, Chambers ST, Priest PC et al. Long-term high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and blood pressure in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2014;64(4):725–30. doi:10.1161/HYPER- TENSIONAHA.114.03466Major GC, Alarie F, Doré J, Phouttama S, Tremblay A. Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(1):54–9.Major GC, Alarie F, Doré J, Phouttama S, Tremblay A. Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(1):54–9.Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Eur J Nutr. 2009;48(6):349–54. doi:10.1007/s00394–009–0020–3Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Eur J Nutr. 2009;48(6):349–54. doi:10.1007/s00394–009–0020–3Nagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia AA. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men. Diabet Med. 2009;26(1):19–27. doi:10.1111/j.1464–5491.2008.02636.xNagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia AA. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men. Diabet Med. 2009;26(1):19–27. doi:10.1111/j.1464–5491.2008.02636.xZittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1321–7. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1321–7. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004Margolis KL, Ray RM, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Allison MA, Black HR et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):847–55. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114991Margolis KL, Ray RM, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Allison MA, Black HR et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):847–55. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114991Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009;27(10):1948–54. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832f075bWitham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009;27(10):1948–54. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832f075bWitham MD, Adams F, Kabir G, Kennedy G, Belch JJ, Khan F. Effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on markers of vascular health in South Asian women living in the UK: a randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2013;230(2):293–9. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.005Witham MD, Adams F, Kabir G, Kennedy G, Belch JJ, Khan F. Effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on markers of vascular health in South Asian women living in the UK: a randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2013;230(2):293–9. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.005Arora P, Song Y, Dusek J, Plotnikoff G, Sabatine MS, Cheng S et al. Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial. Circulation. 2015;131(3): 254–62. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011732Arora P, Song Y, Dusek J, Plotnikoff G, Sabatine MS, Cheng S et al. Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial. Circulation. 2015;131(3): 254–62. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011732Pilz S, Gaksch M, Kienreich K, Grübler M, Verheyen N, Fahrleitner-Pammer et al. Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2015;65(6):1195–201. doi:10.1161/HYPERTEN- SIONAHA.115.05319Pilz S, Gaksch M, Kienreich K, Grübler M, Verheyen N, Fahrleitner-Pammer et al. Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2015;65(6):1195–201. doi:10.1161/HYPERTEN- SIONAHA.115.05319

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.