Preview

"Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension")

Advanced search

The value of assessing cerebrovascular reactivity in hypertension and comorbid pathology

https://doi.org/10.18705/1607-419X-2021-27-1-51-63

Abstract

The review presents the rationale for the importance of studies on the reactivity of cerebral vessels, the classification of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and the threshold values of quantitative indicators of the reserve phase and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in healthy volunteers. Features of CVR in hypertension are described depending on the clinical course, daily blood pressure profile, the presence of comorbid pathology, the treatment approaches in treatment CVR disorders. We discuss the evidence-based data on the role of CVR assessment in diagnosing latent cerebral circulation insufficiency, prediction of cerebrovascular complications, monitoring the effectiveness and safety of drug and devise-based therapy of hypertension associated with abnormal CVR.

About the Authors

T. M. Ripp
Сardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Almazov National Medical Research Centre
Russian Federation

Tatiana M. Ripp - MD, PhD, Аssociate Professor, Leading Research Scientist, Department of Hypertension, Cardiology Research Institute, FSBSI TNRMC RAS, Simulation and Accreditation Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre.

111 A Kievskaya street, Tomsk,  634012



N. V. Rebrova
Сardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian State Medical University
Russian Federation

Natalia V. Rebrova - MD, PhD, Researcher, Department of Hypertension, Cardiology Research Institute FSBSI TNRMC RAS, Associate Professor, Department of Faculty Therapy with the Course of Clinical Pharmacology SSMU.

Tomsk



References

1. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Rosei EA, Azizi M, Burnier M et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–3104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339

2. Clinical guidelines Hypertension in adults. Russian Cardiology Society; 2020. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/https://scardio.ru/content/Guidelines/Clinic_rek_AG_2020.pdf. In Russian.

3. Ewen S, Mahfoud F, Böhm M. Blood pressure targets in the elderly: many guidelines, much confusion. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(25):2029–2031. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz150

4. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 7. Effects of more vs. less intensive blood pressure lowering and different achieved blood pressure levels — updated overview and metaanalyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2016;34(4):613–622. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000881

5. Douros A, Tölle M, Ebert N, Gaedeke J, Huscher D, Kreutz R et al. Control of blood pressure and risk of mortality in a cohort of older adults: the Berlin Initiative Study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(25):2021–2028. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz071

6. Martsevich SYu, Kutishenko NP, Lukyanov MM, Zagrebelny AV, Dmitrieva NA, Okshina EYu et al. Hospital register of patients with acute cerebrovascular accident (REGION): characteristics of patient and outcomes of hospital treatment. Cardiovasc Ther Prev. 2018;17(6):32–38. doi:10.15829/1728-88002018-6-32-38. In Russian.

7. Rotar OP, Tolkunova KM, Solntsev VN, Erina AM, Boyarinova MA, Alieva AS et al. May Measurement Month 2019: adherence to treatment and hypertension control in Russia. Russ J Card. 2020;25(3):3745. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3745. In Russian.

8. Zenkov LR, Ronkin MA. Functional diagnosis of nerve diseases: a guide for doctors. M.: Medpress-inform; 2013. 488 p. In Russian.

9. Writing Group Members, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics — 2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):447–454. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000366

10. Belkin AA, Alasheev AM, Inyushkin SN.Transcranial Doppler study in intensive care unit: a textbook. Petrozavodsk: IntelTek, 2006. 106 p. In Russian.

11. Xiong L, Liu X, Shang T, Smielewski P, Donnelly J, Guo ZN et al. Impaired cerebral autoregulation: measurement and application to stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(6):520–531. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-314385

12. Zhang L, Pasha EP, Liu J, Xing CY, Cardim D, Tarumi T et al. Steady-state cerebral autoregulation in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: linear mixed model analysis. J Appl Physiol. 2020;129(2):377–385. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00193.2020

13. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957–967. doi:10.1016/S01406736(15)01225-8

14. Meel-van den Abeelen AS, van Beek AH, Slump CH, Panerai RB, Claassen JA. Transfer function analysis for the assessment of cerebral autoregulation using spontaneous oscillations in blood pressure and cerebral blood flow. Med Eng Phys. 2014;36(5):563–575. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.02.001

15. Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol. 2014;592(5):841– 859. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268953

16. Larson J, Drew KL, Folkow LP, Milton SL, Park TJ. No oxygen? No problem! Intrinsic brain tolerance to hypoxia in vertebrates. J Exp Biol. 2014;217(Pt7):1024–1039. doi:10.1242/jeb.085381

17. Ni XS, Horner S, Fazekas F, Niederkorn K. Serial transcranial Doppler sonography in ischemic strokes in middle cerebral artery territory. J Neuroimaging. 1994;4(4):232–236. doi:10.1111/jon199444232

18. Markus H, Cullinane M. Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 3):457–467. doi:10.1093/brain/124.3.457

19. Carrera E, Lee LK, Giannopoulos S, Marshall RS. Cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral autoregulation in normal subjects. J Neurol Sci. 2009;285(1–2):191–194. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.041

20. Lelyuk, VG, Lelyuk SE. Cerebral circulation and blood pressure. M.: Real time, 2004. 304 p. In Russian.

21. Rosenberg AJ, Schroeder EC, Grigoriadis G, Wee SO, Bunsawat K, Heffernan KS et al. Aging reduces cerebral blood flow regulation following an acute hypertensive stimulus. J Appl Physiol. 2020;128(5):1186–1195. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00137.2019

22. Kim T, Richard Jennings J, Kim SG. Regional cerebral blood flow and arterial blood volume and their reactivity to hypercapnia in hypertensive and normotensive rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(3):408–414. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.197

23. Kulikov VP. Basics of ultrasound examination of blood vessels: a guide. M.: Vidar, 2015. 387 p. In Russian.

24. Shen Q, Duong TQ. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral blood flow in animal stroke models. Brain Circ. 2016;2(1):20–27. doi:10.4103/2394-8108.178544

25. Claassen JA, Meel-van den Abeelen AS, Simpson DM, Panerai RB. International Cerebral Autoregulation Research Network (CARNet). Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation: a white paper from the International cerebral autoregulation research network. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;36(4):665–680. doi:10.1177/0271678X15626425

26. Tan CO. Defining the characteristic relationship between arterial pressure and cerebral flow. J Appl Physiol. 2012;113(8): 1194–1200. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00783.2012

27. Maasakkers CM, Melis RJF, Kessels RPC, Gardiner PA, Olde Rikkert MGM, Thijssen DHJ et al. The short-term effects of sedentary behaviour on cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive performance in older adults: a cross-over design on the potential impact of mental and/or physical activity. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020;12(1):76. doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00644-z

28. Xue LL, Wang F, Niu RZ, Tan YX, Liu J, Jin Y et al. Offspring of rats with cerebral hypoxia-ischemia manifest cognitive dysfunction in learning and memory abilities. Neural Regen Res. 2020;15(9):1662–1670. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.276359

29. Brassard P, Ferland-Dutil H, Smirl JD, Paquette M, Le Blanc O, Malenfant S et al. Evidence for hysteresis in the cerebral pressure-flow relationship in healthy men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017;312(4): H701–H704. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00790.2016

30. Voronkov AV, Lysenko AS. Method for determining the upper limit of cerebral autoregulation in rats. Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2018;6(5): 488–498. doi:10.19163/2307-9266-2018-6-5-488-498

31. . In Russian]. Koep JL, Barker AR, Banks R, Banger RR, Sansum KM, Weston ME et al. The Reliability of a breath-hold protocol to determine cerebrovascular reactivity in adolescents. J Clin Ultrasound. 2020. doi:10.1002/jcu.22891

32. Ripp TM. Arterial reactivity disorders: complex assessment methods and correction possibilities, protective effects of sympathetic renal denervation in patients with arterial hypertension: dissert. abstract … doctors of medical sciences. Tomsk. 2017. 49 p. In Russian.

33. Fierstra J, Sobczyk O, Battisti-Charbonney A, Mandell DM, Poublanc J, Crawley AP et al. Measuring cerebrovascular reactivity: what stimulus to use? J Physiol. 2013;591(23):5809–5821. doi:10. 1113/jphysiol.2013.259150

34. Ripp TM, Mordovin VF, Ripp EG, Rebrova NV, Semke GV, Pekarsky SE at al. Comprehensive evaluation of cerebral vascular reserve parameters. Siberian Med J. 2016;31(1):12–17. doi:10.29001/2073-8552-2016-31-1-12-17. In Russian.

35. Vishram JK, Borglykke A, Andreasen AH, Jeppesen J, Ibsen H, Jørgensen T et al. Impact of age on the importance of systolic and diastolic blood pressures for stroke risk: the MOnica, Risk, Genetics, Archiving, and Monograph (MORGAM) Project. Hypertension. 2012;60(5):1117–1123. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.201400

36. Burma JS, Copeland P, Macaulay A, Khatra O, Smirl JD. Comparison of diurnal variation, anatomical location, and biological sex within spontaneous and driven dynamic cerebral autoregulation measures. Physiol Rep. 2020;8(11):e14458. doi:10.14814/phy2.14458

37. Reinhard M, Schwarzer G, Briel M, Altamura C, Palazzo P, King A et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke in highgrade carotid artery disease. Neurology. 2014;83(16):1424–1431. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000888

38. Ohashi N, Isobe S, Ishigaki S, Yasuda H. Circadian rhythm of blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney. Hypertens Res. 2017;40(5):413–422. doi:10.1038/hr.2016.166

39. Zeng L, Zhang Z, Wang X, Tu S, Ye F. Correlations of circadian rhythm disorder of blood pressure with arrhythmia and target organ damage in hypertensive patients. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:7808–7812. doi:10.12659/MSM.919328

40. Zhang H, Cui Y, Zhao Y, Dong Y, Wang J, Duan D et al. Association of circadian rhythm of blood pressure and cerebral small vessel disease in community-based elderly population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(8):1322–1330. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly212

41. Birns J, Jarosz J, Markus HS, Kalra L. Cerebrovascular reactivity and dynamic autoregulation in ischaemic subcortical white matter disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(10):1093– 1098. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.174607

42. Brooks SD, DeVallance E, d’Audiffret AC, Frisbee SJ, Tabone LE, Shrader CD et al. Metabolic syndrome impairs reactivity and wall mechanics of cerebral resistance arteries in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;309(11): H1846– H1859. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00691.2015

43. Nealon RS, Howe PR, Jansen L, Garg M, Wong RH. Impaired cerebrovascular responsiveness and cognitive performance in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31(2):462–467. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.06.025

44. Ryan CM, Battisti-Charbonney A, Sobczyk O, Duffin J, Fisher J. Normal hypercapnic cerebrovascular conductance in obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2014;190:47–53. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.09.003

45. Jiménez Caballero PE, Coloma Navarro R, Segura Martín T, Ayo Martín O. Cerebral hemodynamic changes at basilar artery in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A case-control study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;129(2):80–84. doi:10.1111/ane.12156

46. Badrov MB, Barak OF, Mijacika T, Shoemaker LN, Borrell LJ, Lojpur M et al. Ventilation inhibits sympathetic action potential recruitment even during severe chemoreflex stress. J Neurophysiol. 2017;118(5):2914–2924. doi:10.1152/jn.00381.2017

47. Bain AR, Ainslie PN, Hoiland RL, Barak OF, Cavar M, Drvis I et al. Cerebral oxidative metabolism is decreased with extreme apnoea in humans; impact of hypercapnia. J Physiol. 2016;594:5317–5328, doi:10.1113/JP272404

48. Bain AR, Drvis I, Dujic Z, MacLeod DB, Ainslie PN. Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists. Exp Physiol. 2018;103(5):635–651. doi:10.1113/EP086269

49. Marincowitz C, Genis A, Goswami N, De Boever P, Nawrot TS, Strijdom H. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in the wake of HIV and ART. FEBS J. 2019;286(7):1256–1270. doi:10.1111/febs.14657

50. Jiménez Caballero PE, Coloma Navarro R, Segura Martín T, Ayo Martín O. Cerebral hemodynamic changes at basilar artery in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A case-control study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;129(2):80–84. doi:10.1111/ane.12156

51. Wiseman SJ, Ralston SH, Wardlaw JM. Cerebrovascular disease in rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Stroke. 2016;47(4):943–950. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012052

52. Low A, Mak E, Rowe JB, Markus HS, O’Brien JT. Inflammation and cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews. 2019;53:100916. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100916

53. Lindsberg PJ, Grau AJ. Inflammation and infections as risk factors for ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34(10):2518–2532. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000089015.51603.CC

54. Wiseman S, Marlborough F, Doubal F, Webb DJ, Wardlaw J. Blood markers of coagulation, fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in lacunar stroke versus non-lacunar stroke and non-stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37(1):64–75. doi:10.1159/000356789

55. Chen YR, Hsieh FI, Lien LM, Hu CJ, Jeng JS, Peng GS et al. Rheumatoid arthritis significantly increased recurrence risk after ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack. J Neurol. 2018;265(8):1810–1818. doi:10.1007/s00415-018-8885-9

56. Rebrova NV, Anisimova EA, Sarkisova OL, Mordovin VF, Karpov RS, Ripp TM et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis concurrent with and without hypertension. Ter Arkh. 2015;87(4):24– 29. doi:10.17116/terarkh201587424-2. In Russian.

57. Sarkisova OL. Efficacy and tolerability of therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a calcium channel blocker in patients with arterial hypertension in combination with rheumatoid arthritis: dissert. abstract … candidate of medical sciences. Tomsk, 2018. 23 p. In Russian.

58. England BR, Thiele GM, Anderson DR, Mikuls TR. Increased cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and implications. Br Med J. 2018;361: k1036. doi:10.1136/bmj.k1036

59. Silvestrini M, Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Matteis M, Passarelli F, Troisi E et al. Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. J Am Med Assoc. 2000;283(16):2122–2127. doi:10.1001/jama.283.16.2122

60. Hockel K, Diedler J, Steiner J, Birkenhauer U, Ernemann U, Schuhmann MU. Effect of intra-arterial and intravenous nimodipine therapy of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebrovascular reactivity and oxygenation. World Neurosurg. 2017;101:372–378. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.02.014

61. Webb AJS, Paolucci M, Mazzucco S, Li L, Rothwell PM, Oxford Vascular Study Phenotyped Cohort. Confounding of cerebral blood flow velocity by blood pressure during breath holding or hyperventilation in transient ischemic attack or stroke. Stroke. 2020;51(2):468–474. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027829

62. Lemke H, de Castro AG, Schlattmann P, Heuser I, Neu P. Cerebrovascular reactivity over time-course — from major depressive episode to remission. J Psychiatr Res. 2010;44(3):132–136. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.06.010

63. Wali Y, Kini V, Yassin MA. Distribution of sickle cell disease and assessment of risk factors based on transcranial Doppler values in the Gulf region. Hematology. 2020;25(1):55–62. doi:10.1080/16078454.2020.1714113

64. Lou M, Ding J, Hu B, Zhang Y, Li H, Tan Z et al. Chinese stroke association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020;5(3):260–269. doi:10.1136/svn-2020-000355

65. Switzer AR, Cheema I, McCreary CR, Zwiers A, Charlton A, Alvarez-Veronesi A et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity in cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2020;95(10):e1333–e1340. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000010201

66. Burrage E, Marshall KL, Santanam N, Chantler PD. Cerebrovascular dysfunction with stress and depression. Brain Circ. 2018;4(2):43–53. doi:10.4103/bc.bc_6_18

67. Marstrand JR, Garde E, Rostrup E, Ring P, Rosenbaum S, Mortensen EL et al. Cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity are reduced in white matter hyperintensities. Stroke. 2002;33(4):972–976. doi:10.1161/01.str.0000012808.81667.4b

68. Sam K, Crawley AP, Poublanc J, Conklin J, Sobczyk O, Mandell DM et al. Vascular dysfunction in leukoaraiosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(12):2258–2264. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4888

69. Siró P, Molnár C, Katona E, Antek C, Kollár J, Settakis G et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and cerebrovascular reactivity in long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Ultrasound. 2009;37(8):451–456. doi:10.1002/jcu.20617

70. Sleight P, Yusuf S, Pogue J, Tsuyuki R, Diaz R, Probstfield J. Blood-pressure reduction and cardiovascular risk in HOPE study. Lancet. 2001;358(9299):2130–2131. doi:10.1016/S01406736(01)07186-0

71. Liu L, Zhang Y, Liu G, Li W, Zhang X, Zanchetti A. The Felodipine Event Reduction (FEVER) Study: a randomized long-term placebo-controlled trial in Chinese hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2005;23(12):2157–2172. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000194120.42722.ac

72. Rezaiefar P, Pottie K. Blood pressure and secondary prevention of strokes. How low should we go? Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:1625–1629.

73. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1887–1898. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0801369

74. Min J-H, Kwon H-M, Nam H. The effect of propranolol on cerebrovascular reactivity to visual stimulation in migraine. J Neurol Sci. 2011;305(1–2):136–138. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.02.020

75. Sokolov OYu, Kharakhashyan AV. The evaluation of antihypertensive drug effects on indexes of cerebral bloodstream autoregu lation and optimal combination of drugs in the context of neuroprotection. J Biomed. 2006;2:102–104. In Russian.

76. Ripp TM, Mordovin VF, Karpov RS. Impairment of cerebrovascular regulation and of cognitive function in hypertensive patients: A possibility for correction by angiotensin II receptor blocker. Arterial’naya Gipertenziya = Arterial Hypertension. 2010;16(5):504–510. doi:10.18705/1607-419X-2010. In Russian.

77. Sarkisova OL, Rebrova NV, Ripp TM, Bogomolova II, Anisimova EA, Mordo- vin VF et al. Effect of lisinopril on blood pressure and cerebrovascular reactivity in hypertensive patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Siberian Med J. 2017;32(1):23–28. doi:10.29001/2073-8552-2017-32-1-2328. In Russian.

78. Bogomolova II, Rebrova NV, Sarkisova OL, Ripp TM, Mordovin VF. Effect of indapamide and bisoprolol monotherapy on cerebrovascular reactivity in hypertensive patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Siberian Med J. 2019;34(3):122–128. doi:10.29001/20738552-2019-34-3-122-128. In Russian.

79. de Jong DLK, Tarumi T, Liu J, Zhang R, Claassen JAHR. Lack of linear correlation between dynamic and steady-state cerebral autoregulation. J Physiol. 2017;595(16):5623–5636. doi:10.1113/JP274304

80. Rostamian S, de Haan S, van der Grond J, van Buchem MA, Ford I, Jukema JW et al. Cognitive function in dementia-free subjects and survival in old age: the PROSPER Study. Am J Med. 2019;132(12):1466–1474.e4. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.06.001

81. Geraskina LA. Chronic cerebrovascular diseases in arterial hypertension: blood supply to the brain, central hemodynamics and functional vascular reserve: PhD, DSc thesis. M., 2008. 48 p. In Russian.

82. Daugherty SL, Powers JD, Magid DJ, Tavel HM, Masoudi FA, Margolis KL et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2012;125(13):1635– 1642. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.068064

83. Ripp TM, Mordovin VF, Popov SV. Prospects of new treatments for arterial hypertension. Organoprotective and reparative effects of renal denervation. Tomsk: Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk: National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. 2019. 168 p. In Russian. ISBN978-5-6062745-2-1.

84. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association / American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50(12): e344-e418. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000211

85. Bailey DM, Brugniaux JV, Filipponi T, Marley CJ, Stacey B, Soria R et al. Exaggerated systemic oxidative-inflammatorynitrosative stress in chronic mountain sickness is associated with cognitive decline and depression. J Physiol. 2019;597(2):611–629. doi:10.1113/JP276898

86. Bain AR, Ainslie PN, Hoiland RL, Barak OF, Drvis I, Stembridge M et al. Competitive apnea and its effect on the human brain: focus on the redox regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal-parenchymal integrity. FASEB J. 2018;32(4):2305–2314. doi:10.1096/fj.201701031R

87. Moir ME, Klassen SA, Al-Khazraji BK, Woehrle E, Smith SO, Matushewski BJ et al. Impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation in trained breath-hold divers. J Appl Physiol. 2019;126(6):1694–1700. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2019

88. Willie CK, Ainslie PN, Drvis I, MacLeod DB, Bain AR, Madden D et al. Regulation of brain blood flow and oxygen delivery in elite breath-hold divers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35(1):66–73. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.170

89. Brodie FG, Panerai RB, Foster S, Evans DH, Robinson TG. Long-term changes in dynamic cerebral autoregulation: a 10 years follow up study. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2009;29(5):366–371. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2009.00880.x


Supplementary files

Review

For citations:


Ripp T.M., Rebrova N.V. The value of assessing cerebrovascular reactivity in hypertension and comorbid pathology. "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension"). 2021;27(1):51-63. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18705/1607-419X-2021-27-1-51-63

Views: 1470


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 1607-419X (Print)
ISSN 2411-8524 (Online)