Трансгенерационное наследование: современные подходы к поиску причин заболеваний

Результаты большого количества наблюдений позволяют предполагать, что окружающая среда оказывает влияние на организм без вовлечения генетических механизмов. Изучение роли эпигенетики в основных процессах развития и физиологии значительно расширяет наше понимание биологии организма. В настоящее время одной из актуальных тем для изучения возможностей предотвращения развития заболеваний является исследование трансгенерационных эффектов — когда не только генетические, но и фенотипические адаптивные механизмы передаются через поколения. Накопленные данные свидетельствуют о том, что влияние факторов окружающей среды (вредные привычки, стресс, избыточное или недостаточное питание, кишечная микробиота и другие) в период раннего развития может способствовать эпигенетическому трансгенерационному наследованию фенотипической изменчивости. Эпигенетические процессы могут изменять экспрессию генов, что, в свою очередь, может или повысить восприимчивость, или способствовать развитию толерантности к заболеваниям в следующих поколениях. Эпигенетические биомаркерные сигнатуры могут быть использованы в будущем в качестве диагностического инструмента для оценки наличия у человека специфической восприимчивости к заболеваниям или воздействию токсикантов окружающей среды. В настоящем обзоре обсуждаются молекулярно-генетические механизмы трансгенерационного наследования и влияние различных факторов риска.

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