The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases The results of epidemiological, observational, and experimental studies support the fact that OSAS is of considerable importance in the development of arterial hypertension via chronic sympathetic activation and sleep-induced neurohumoral changes OSAS is of prime importance in the development of refractory AH CPAP therapy not only eliminates sleep-induced obstructive respiratory impairments, but frequently lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients, and improves the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases

To study the impact of the degree of carbohydrate metabolic disorders and the severity of abdominal obesity on the basic parameters of the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome, 102 males with had higher body weight not more than first-degree obesity and were insulin resistant with evolving diabetes mellitus were examined The findings suggest that the degree of insulin resistance determines the magnitude of poor changes in lipid metabolism in the metabolic syndrome (without development of diabetes mellitus and in not more than first-degree obesity) to a greater extent than the severity of abdominal obesity does

The metabolic syndrome is a state that precedes the development of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension (AH) Timely adequate treatment may prevent the development and progression of these diseases that are main causes of higher death rates Peripheral acting drugs should be preferred for patients at high cardiovascular risk Acarbose is one of these drugs It prevents carbohydrates from being absorbed in the small bowel The results of our use of acarbose have shown its high efficacy Acarbose therapy significantly decreases body weight, postprandial glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, and blood pressure Acarbose may be used as monotherapy in patients with the metabolic syndrome and mild AH

To evaluate the efficiency of treatment in obese patients with educating methods, 73 patients were examined A protocol of examination included the estimation of anthropometric indices, the measurement of blood pressure, the levels of glucose and insulin on fasting, 30,60,90, and 120 mm after loading with 75 of dried glucose by calculating integral parameters (the area under the curve), and the lipid spectrum at the beginning of the study and 1 year after classes at "Patient’s School" according to the structurized programme. The android type of obesity was shown to have the most negative impact on metabolic parameters A year following the training course, 47 9% of the examinees could maintain the target figures of reducing their body weight. There was a significant reduction in the baseline levels of insulin and glucose and in the concentration of triglycerides

Theoretically, there may be 16 types of daily variations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), which have been determined by the traditional qualitative characteristics (dipper, non-dipper, night-picker, over-dipper), in 12 cases the unambiguous interpretation of the magnitude of daily BP variations being hampered due to the fact that SBP and DBP belong to different qualitative categories, or that there are disproportional BP variations The purpose of this study was to examine the proportionality of nocturnal BP variations in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus The data of 24-hour BP monitoring were analyzed in 137 patients (42 males and 95 females, mean age, 57,3±7,4 years, sitting clinical BP, 166,5±12,8/97,6+8,1 mm Hg) with AH and mild and moderate type 2 DM and 106 patients without DM who were matched by sex, age, and clinical BP (38 males and 68 females, mean age, 55,8+8,0 years, clinical BP, 163,8±14,2/100,2±10,7 mm Hg) The patients with DM were more frequently found to have a type of daily BP variations with different qualitative characteristics of two-phase SBP and DBP variations (44,1% versus 24,5%, p<0,05) When 24-hour BP monitoring values were compared in relation to the disproportionality whether DM was present or not, there was a significant reduction in the mean nocturnal values of SBP and pulse BP from the first to fourth quartile, as well as a higher decrease in pulse BP With the same pattern of the daily profile of SBP, the patients without a nocturnal pulse pressure reduction show more severe renal dysfunctions Thus, the low values of the proportionality coefficient are a marker of the absence of a nocturnal decrease in pulse BP, and according to this index, nocturnal hypertension is associated with more severe renal lesion in patients with AH and DM

The paper deals with the comparison of blood pressures, sodium and calcium metabolic values in 44 patients with essential hypertension during a salt-loading test before and treatment with soluble calcium drugs There is evidence that excessive consumption of salt stimulates urinary calcium losses and aggravates calcium metabolic disorders that in turn result in sodium chloride sensitivity Having no direct antihypertensive action, calcium agents have proved to reduce salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension

The study was undertaken to examine the specific features of the lipid spectrum in patients with metabolic disorders in the absence or presence of arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) The study covered 176 patients with metabolic disorders, 138 patients were diagnosed as having AH, of them 39 patients had type 2 DM Clinical and laboratory studies involved the estimation of the body mass index, waist/hip ratio, and lipid spectrum All the patients were divided into 3 groups I) 38 without AH and type 2 DM, 2) 99 with isolated AH without type 2 DM, 3) 39 with AH and type 2 DM The higher severity of abdominal obesity was associated with enhanced dyslipidemia atherogemcity The development of AH m the presence of metabolic disorders was accompanied by higher total cholesterol levels, which may be considered as aggravated endothelial dysfunction Its concurrence with type 2 DM was attended by transformation of metabolic to diabetic dyslipidemia The study has yielded a new index that characterizes dyslipidemia atherogemcity in patients with metabolic disorders