The review describes a conception of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in contemporary nephrology. Recent data on risk factors of renal dysfunction development and cardiorenal relations are discussed. It is emphasized the need of combine prevention of cardiovascular disease and CKD progression.

This article summarizes data of the studies with positron emission tomography (PET) and devotes the clinical application of PET for myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve measurement in the patients with cardiovascular pathology. Measurement of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve allows to assess the functional importance of coronary stenosis in patients with coronary heart disease. According the results of experimental and clinical studies the impairment of coronary vasomotor reactivity seems to be the main cause of coronary microcirculatory abnormalities in the patients with high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Noninvasive PET diagnostics of myocardial blood flow provides the valuable information for stratification of the risk of the severe cardiovascular complications. PET seems to be a good tool for assessment of the medical treatment efficiency of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and hypoestrogenemia. Myocardial blood flow impairment is independent prognostic marker of future adverse cardiac events and sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

The review describes data about high antihypertensive efficacy and safety of isoptin SR in patients with arterial hypertension. The results of numerous comparative studies show advantages of isoptin SR related to its metabolic neutrality, symphatolvtic and nephroprotective effects.

The present study evaluates plasma lipid profile and inflammatory proteins, including lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and apolipoprotein(a) gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) G/А located 772 b.p. upstream transcription start site, in 80 patients undergoing stenting after coronary angioplasty. A novel method of G/А polymorphism detection is described. Our study is the first one to reveal the role of G/А SNP in regulation of plasma Lp(a) levels. We describe an association of LDL and Lp(a) systems limited only to the group of patients with restenosis after coronary stenting. Plasma apolipoprotein Al level increase after stenting was characteristic of better prognosis. The acute phase proteins are studied in association with clinical and angiographic presentation of coronary heart disease. Our data is relevant both to fundamental studies of atherosclerosis and to clinical practice, and may be used in assessment of coronary heart disease clinical course and selection of treatment options.

Below are presented the results of BPLab ambulatory blood pressure monitor trials in compliance with International Protocol ESH-2001 method conducted on a group of 33 women with different pregnancy periods. The data on distribution of divergence between expert’s and device’s BP indices testify that the BPLab ambulatory blood pressure monitor meets all the requirements of the said document and may be recommended for wide application for the given category of patients.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the adherence of patients to treatment with new fixed in one blister combinations of enalapril and indapamide. 115 patients participated in the study. In conclusion, analysis revealed high efficacy of studied combinations, which can be partly explained by high compliance of patients.

The aim of the present study was to investigate sympathetic nervous system activity and serum leptin level in obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We examined 75 OSA patients and 40 age, weight, BMI and blood pressure levels matched obese patients without OSA. As a result, patients with OSA had higher sympathetic activity associated not only with repetitive episodes of hypoxia/hypercapnia during sleep, but also with more marked central obesity and higher serum leptin level.

The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy and tolerance of rilmenidine and its combination with amlodipine in different age groups from ALTAIR study population. Rilmenidine therapy resulted insignificant reduction of blood pressure in all ages as well as had good tolerability. In conclusion, analysis of ALTAIR data indicates that Imidazoline agonists, in particular rilmenidine, can be administrated for hypertension treatment in patients of all ages.

The method of organotypical cell culture was used. The long-term cell culture of cardiac embryonic tissue of 10-12-days old chicken was investigated. The effects of ß₁-adrenergic blockers (atenolol, metoprolol) and noradrenaline on the growth of explantat cardiac tissue were measured quantitatively. It was found that ß₁-adrenergic bloker atenolol in 10^-6 M and 10^-4 M concentration stimulated growth of cardiac tissue on 23% and 40% correspondently. Atenolol in 10^-8 M concentration, contrary, depressed growth of explantat. Metoprolol (10^-12 - 10^-4 M) inhibited the growth of explantat cardiac tissue. Noradrenaline (10^-12 M) stimulated growth of explantat cardiac tissue. However the joint action of noradrenaline (10^-12 M) and metoprolol or atenolol did not influence on growth explantat cardiac tissue. These results suggest that cardiac tissue stimulating effect of noradrenaline mediated through activation of ß₁-adrenergic receptors.

The study addresses antihypertensive effects of fixed low-dose perindopril-indapamide combination therapy in the elderly hypertensive patients. Combinations with metoprolol were also studied. Is was shown that antihypertensive effect can be observed ay second week of treatment and is dose-dependent. Besides, additional administration of metoprolol 50 mg per day was not associated with further blood pressure decrease but resulted in significant heart rate reduction.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely used in heart failure therapy, but little is known about their antiischemic effccts. The primary aim of this study was to investigate antiischemic effectiveness of SH-containing ACE inhibitor zofenopril in rats in comparison to captopril. The results provide an evidence that zofenopril, in contrast to captopril, reduces infarct size when administered intravenously at a dose of 2,5 mg/kg 30 minutes before ischemia. Antiischemic effect of zofenopril may be due to its high affinity to myocardial tissue. Unlike captopril, zofenopril exerted significant antiarrhythmic effect against ischemic ventricular tachyarrhytmias. Antiischemic effect of zofenopril was evident at a relatively high dose only and, therefore, was associated with considerable hypotensive effect.

The aim of this study was in evaluation of twenty-four-hours blood pressure profile parameters in patients with hypertonic encephalopathy and chronic heart failure. 113 patients with hypertonic encephalopathy (39 males, 74 females, mean age 53±13.2 years) were investigated. Chronic heart failure was confirmed in 101 patients (89.4%). There aren’t any essential discrepancies between patients with different stages of hypertonic encephalopathy . Chronic heart failure was associated with elevation of pulse blood pressure more than 53 mm Hg and increase of «non-dipper» and «night-peaker» patients. The same changes of blood pressure profile were related with heart failure progression and intensity of neurological disturbances.

Objective. Inflammation and oxidative stress are important determinants for target organ damage in arterial hypertension. The aim of the study was to evaluate inflammatory and oxidative markers in uncomplicated arterial hypertension. Methods. Study population included 114 (59 male, age 30-65 years) untreated hypertensive non-diabetic patients without associated clinical conditions. Plasma concentrations of malonic dyaldehyde and SH-groups were evaluated as oxidative stress markers. Serum concentrations of ultrasensitive CRP, TNF-α, interleukins (IL) lß, 4 and 6 were measured. Correlation between oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, blood pressure and traditional risk factors was analyzed. Results. In 45% patients elevation at leas of one pro-inflammatory cytokine was found. In 26,3% this elevation was revealed together with low anti-inflammatory ration (IL-4/IL-6), in 18,4% - with high IL-4/IL-6. In 55% concentration of all pro-inflammatory cytokines was lower than median. In one third of patients low cytokines levels were observed together with low IL-4/IL-6, in 22% - with high IL-4/IL-6. Regression analysis revealed that inflammatory and oxidative status are unrelated to gender, age and determined by diastolic blood pressure, smoking, dyslipidemia and rennin-angiotensine system activity. Conclusion. In untreated hypertensive non-diabetic patients High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may coexist either with low or high intiinflammatory ratio of IL-4/IL-6. Inflammatory and oxidative status are determined haemodynamic load, smoking, dyslipidemia and rennin-angiotensine system activity.

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between antihypertensive effect of nifedipine-retard and atenolol long-term therapy and changes of target organ damage (heart, carotid arteries, endothelial function) in patients with essential hypertension (HT) 2 stage. 45 patients with AH were included in the open prospective randomized study: 24 received nifedipine-retard 40 mg per day, 21 received atenolol 50 - 100 mg per day. There were no clinical and haemodynamic discrepanses between the groups at basline. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiography (EchoCG), assess of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation were performed at basal state (after 14 days wash-out period) and after 6-month therapy. Both nifedipine-retard and atenolol had comparable and apparent hypotensive effect. The regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and the improvement of left ventricle diastolic function became evident during nifedipine-retard therapy in contrast to atenolol treatment. Long-term nifedipine-retard therapy is accompanied by an increase of volume flow velocity in arteria radialis and leads to correction of endothelium dysfunction in patients with HT.

The aim of the study was to evaluated the role of ID ACE gene polymorphism in the development of acute myocardial ishemia in patients with arterial hypertension (HT). Patients with DD genotype were demonstrated a higher risk of myocardial infarction then patients with ID and II genotype. Conversely, the course of HT in II genotypic group is more favorable, but the efficacy of their treatment by traditional agents is minimal.

During the last two years the issue of use of beta-blockers in first line hypertension therapy is debated. Besides, evidence for refuse from wide of these agents is obtained from trials, testing relatively old agents such as atenolol with a number of negative metabolic effects. At the same time, newer representatives of beta-blockers with high selectivity, for example betaxolol do not. produce such adverse effects. This can indicate that the data obtained on atenolol cannot be extrapolated on the whole drug class.