Objective. The purpose of the study is to systematize published data to answer the main research question: how often is there an increase in pulse wave velocity (PWV) in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD), compared with the control group (and/or reference values adopted in the study)? The study was carried out to show the relevance of further scientific research in this field. Design and methods. The search included PubMed database, the Cochrane Library, the scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU, the specialized Pediatric Nephrology journal, the Google Scholar system and the reference lists of relevant articles. Results. Of the 473 identified publications, 35 articles were included in the study. Significant differences were found in the methods for determining PWV (n = 4), devices (n = 9), implementation techniques, and reference values used (n = 4). The mean PWV Z-score in CKD patient groups ranged from –0,13 to 1,89. Among children and adolescents with CKD, the prevalence of PWV ≥ 95th percentile varied from 1% to 61% across studies. In most groups, an increase in PWV was detected in every fifth patient and more often. When compared with the group of healthy children, higher PWV values in patients with CKD were observed in half of the relevant studies (14/25; 56%). Most often, an increase in PWV was determined in children and adolescents with CKD G5 on dialysis therapy, in patients with hypertension, and after kidney transplantation. Conclusions. The majority of children and adolescents with CKD G5 on dialysis therapy have an increased PWV. For patients with CKD G1-G4, the conclusions are mixed, given the significant variability in the results of published studies. There is a need to standardize the measurement of PWV in children and adolescents, to achieve consensus decisions on assessing the results obtained, followed by the implementation of multicenter studies, including the Russian population.

In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has garnered increasing attention as a metabolic regulator. It plays a role in the development of tissue insulin sensitivity, exerts beneficial effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and exhibits antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic properties. Elevated FGF21 levels have been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and a range of other conditions. This may indicate either resistance to FGF21 or a compensatory response to metabolic stress. Evidence suggests that FGF21 can be considered both a marker of several metabolic disorders and a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of significant societal health issues. Objective. The objective of this review is to summarize the data published to date in the literature, including meta-analyses, reviews, and original studies, focusing on the diagnostic and potential therapeutic role of FGF21 in metabolic disorders.

Objective. To study modern ideas about the influence of the intestinal microbiome, oral cavity and atherosclerotic plaque on the development and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Design and methods. The literature review was carried out by analyzing scientific publications in PubMed, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, as well as guidelines and review articles within the period from 1997 to 2024. This review examines modern ideas about the above-mentioned non-traditional risk factors (RF) for AS. Conclusions. AS is a disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis. Understanding the role of both classical and non-classical RF in the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease is important for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic measures. Among the non-classical RF for AS is the role of the intestinal and oral microbiome. The fundamental mechanisms of the influence of the microbiota of the oral cavity and intestines on the development of AS include the following: the direct damaging effect of lipopolysaccharides and bacterial toxins on the vascular wall, the influence of microbial metabolites and increased permeability of the intestinal wall on the translocation of bacterial toxins into the systemic bloodstream, as well as the development of chronic lowlevel systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This review examines modern ideas about the abovedescribed non-traditional RF for AS.

Objective. Comparison of vascular stiffness and a presence of traditional risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in middle-aged men with arterial hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Design and methods. We examined 180 middle-aged men. All patients were divided into 3 groups of 60 people: group 1 (control) — healthy normotensive patients, group 2 (HTN) — patients with hypertension and group 3 (HTN and DM) — with hypertension and diabetes. All subjects underwent 24hours ABPM with assessment of routine and average daily parameters of blood pressure (BP), indicators of central and peripheral vascular stiffness. Results. The average daily values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse blood pressure (PBP) differ significantly between all pairs of groups, with the highest PBP in group 2. Subjects in groups 2 (HTN) and 3 (HTN + DM) had significantly higher average diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The average indicators of BP variability are worse in group 3 (HTN + DM), both for DBP and SBP. The following differences in central parameters of vascular stiffness and central pressure in the aorta were identified: DBP in the aorta (DBP ao) and mean blood pressure in the aorta (MAP ao) are higher in group 2. The augmentation index in the aorta (Alx ao) is higher in group 3, PAD amplification (PPA) and reflected wave propagation time (RWTT) are higher in group 2. Conclusions. In middle-aged men with HTN central SBP and PBP, aortic and peripheral stiffness are greater than in the control group. Central stiffness is more severe in HTN patients. Peripheral indicators of vascular stiffness are more increased in patients with HTN and DM.

Among the various factors potentially involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension (HTN), in the structure of which the proportion of young people increases, is still the most common risk factor for the development of serious cardiovascular complications. The development of structural and functional disorders associated with HTN is accompanied by an increase or decrease in markers of metabolic disorders. Objective. Тo study the prevalence of HTN in young people of working age and childbearing age, depending on the levels of metabolic hormones. Design and methods. The study included 1,340 people from the Novosibirsk population sample aged 25–44 years. HTN was diagnosed in case of the average systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg. The levels of amylin, C-peptide, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide YY (PYY) were determined by multiplex analysis. Results. In the quartile with the highest values of amylin, C-peptide, GIP, GLP-1 and PP, the prevalence of HTN is significantly higher compared to Q1. In the group of HTN patients, the levels of amylin, C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, insulin and PP were 2,4 (p < 0,0001), 1,4 (p < 0,0001), 1,3 (p = 0,001), 1,3 (p = 0,003), 1,6 (p = 0,001), 1,2 (p = 0,002) and 1,4 (p = 0,006) times higher, respectively, in comparison with persons without HTN. Conclusions. The prevalence of HTN is associated with high values of amylin, ghrelin, glucagon, insulin and C-peptide. The chance of HTN increases starting from the second quartile of amylin and increases with each quartile.

Objective. To study the characteristics of the daily rhythm and chronostructure of blood pressure (BP) in relation to viral infection and to determine the factors influencing the risk of COVID-19 in men (M) with arterial hypertension (HTN) during rotational shift work in the Arctic. Design and methods. In the Yamburg settlement, 166 M with HTN were randomly selected from the database of physical examinations of the medical unit of gazprom dobycha Yamburg LLC. They underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and echocardiography in the “pre-C OVID” period (2019 — March 2020), after which M were divided into groups with COVID-19 (n = 94) and those without (n = 72), comparable in age and northern experience. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by polymerase chain reaction method. ABPM was performed using a standard method with determination of BP chronotypes according to the classification of Cugini P. Results. According to ABPM data in the “pre-C OVID” period, men with HTN who subsequently recovered from COVID-19 had higher average daily diastolic BP, night heart rate readings, night systolic BP, night diastolic BP and night systolic BP time index; the BP chronotype was characterized by a lower frequency of 24-hour rhythms and aperiodic HTN with high-frequency rhythms in the spectrum was significantly more  frequent; a significant increase in left ventricular myocardial mass and left ventricular myocardial mass index was found. According to the logistic regression data, the presence of an aperiodic chronotype of HTN in M increased the risk of COVID-19 by 3 times (95 % confidence interval (CI): 1,410– 6,035, p = 0,004); an increase in left ventricular myocardial mass index by 1 g/m² — by 1,02 times (95 % CI: 1,001–1,033, p = 0,039). The specificity of the model was 81 %, sensitivity 77,2 %. The area under the curve was 0,888 (0,837–0,939, p < 0,0001). Conclusions. In conditions of desynchronizing factors of the Arctic watch in M with HTN, the replacement of the daily BP rhythm by predominant high-frequency periods is associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection.

The purpose of the research is to study the relationship among physical activity, infrastructure parameters of the area of residence, and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in the population of the Kemerovo Region. Design and methods. The study started at the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases (Kemerovo) in 2015 and continues to this day. It includes 1,598 residents aged 35–70 as part of the epidemiological work “Study of the influence of social factors on chronic non-communicable diseases.” The researchers measure the participants’ physical activity using the Russian-language version of the international IPAQ questionnaire and assess the subjective attitude of citizens to the infrastructure parameters using the NEWS questionnaire. The study establishes associations between the participants’ physical activity, mediated by their subjective attitude towards the infrastructure parameters, and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, abdominal obesity, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Results. The present study demonstrates a direct impact of the infrastructure parameters from the NEWS scales on the reduction in the participants’ physical activity: B (accessibility of infrastructure facilities) [OR = 1,51]; D (pedestrian accessibility) [OR = 1,52]; E (environment in the vicinity) [OR = 1,55]; H (satisfaction with living conditions) [OR = 1,37]. In the group of individuals with low physical activity, characteristics of the area of residence combined into scales B [OR = 1,44], D [OR = 1,43], and F [OR = 1,30] were associated with hypertension; B [OR = 1,42] and [OR = 1,53], C [OR = 1,39] and [OR = 1,37], D [OR = 1,43] and [OR = 1,32] respectively — with obesity and its abdominal type; B [OR = 1,65] and D [OR = 1,41] — with dyslipidemia. Conclusions. The formed sample of the Kemerovo Region associates an increase in cardiovascular risk factors with the low physical activity of the population and its subjective attitude to the social characteristics (infrastructure parameters) of the area of residence.